The spinal column, also known as the spine or vertebral column, is a central part of the human skeleton. It serves as the body’s main structural support, protects the spinal cord, and allows for flexibility and movement.

Anatomy of the Spine

The spine is composed of 33 vertebrae, which are divided into five regions:

1. Cervical Spine (Neck)

• 7 vertebrae (C1–C7).

• Supports the skull and allows for head movement.

• Includes the atlas (C1) and axis (C2), which enable nodding and rotation of the head.

2. Thoracic Spine (Upper Back)

• 12 vertebrae (T1–T12).

• Connects to the rib cage, providing stability and protecting vital organs.

3. Lumbar Spine (Lower Back)

• 5 vertebrae (L1–L5).

• Bears most of the body’s weight and enables flexibility and movement.

4. Sacral Spine (Pelvic Region)

• 5 fused vertebrae (S1–S5).

• Forms part of the pelvis and provides a strong base for the spinal column.

5. Coccyx (Tailbone)

• 4 fused vertebrae.

• Provides attachment points for ligaments and muscles.

Key Components of the Spine

1. Intervertebral Discs

• Found between most vertebrae.

• Act as cushions or shock absorbers.

• Made up of a gel-like center (nucleus pulposus) and a tough outer layer (annulus fibrosus).

2. Spinal Cord and Nerves

• The spinal cord runs through the spinal canal and carries nerve signals between the brain and body.

• Spinal nerves exit through small openings in the vertebrae to innervate different body parts.

3. Ligaments and Muscles

• Stabilize the spine and aid in movement.

4. **Curves of