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Fossils Of Wiase Nyinaa

Nnipa pii bisa sɛ, “Dɛn ne tetefo nneɛma?” Wɔ nsusuwii mu no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ biribiara a bere bi na ɛte ase no betumi abɛyɛ fossil – mpo jelly no asinasin te sɛ ntini a efi po mu abɔde bi nipadua a ɛyɛ mmerɛw mu. Wɔ nneyɛe mu no, mmoa ne afifide afã horow a ɛyɛ den te sɛ sẽ, nnompe ne abon anaa nnua ntini ne nnuadewa na ɛyɛ nnompe dodow no ara. Wohu nnompe a wɔatutu fam ahu wɔ nsasepɔn nyinaa so.

Ɛnnɛ nkyerɛase a wogye tom a ɛfa fossil ho no fa ne organic origin ho – ade a bere bi na ɛte ase. Eyi ka abɔde a nkwa wom anaa nkwa ne wɔn afã horow nyinaa ho fi mmoawa nketenkete, afifide nketenkete ne nkoekoemmoa te sɛ ntɛtea ne nwansena, kosi nnua akɛse, akraman, dinosaur, whale ne mammoth so.

Sɛ abɔde a nkwa wom dodow no ara sɛe a, wofi ase porɔw na wɔporɔw. Ebia nwansena ne mmoawa bɛporɔw wɔn nkae, na akraman ahorow nyinaa, efi nwansena so kosi hyaenas so atetew mu, atutu mu anaasɛ abubu no asinasin.

Nea wogyaw no wim tebea no dan asinasin denam owia, osu, mframa, nsukyenee ne wim tebea mu nneɛma afoforo dwumadi so. Wɔ nsu no mu no, porɔwee a ɛte saa ara ba, a asorɔkye ne nsu a ɛreworo so , ne fungi, nwansena, mmoawa ne afoforo nneyɛe a ɛporɔw boa. Enti abɔde a nkwa wom no mu dodow no ara wuwu na wɔyera a wonhu. Wɔnam abɔde mu nneɛma so san de di dwuma san kɔ fam, ɔtare anaa asubɔnten ase, anaa po ase. Wonnyaw nnompe biara.

Mpɛn pii no, fossilization gye bere tenten tenten, na ɛyɛ adeyɛ a ɛba ara kwa. Ne saa nti,mpɛn pii no, abɔde a nkwa wom no afã horow a ɛyɛ den nkutoo na wɔkora so sɛ nnompe. Eyinom ne afã horow a ɛko tia porɔwee, porɔw ne nneɛma a wɔsɛe no, na ɛtra hɔ kyɛ ma wofi ase kora so. Bio nso, anansesɛm a agye din ka sɛ nnompe nkutoo na ɛyɛ nnompe, na ebia sẽ nso. Nanso afã afoforo a ɛyɛ prime candidates for fossilization no din tenten bi wɔ hɔ.

Fossils Of Wiase Nyinaa

FOSSILIZED NKYERƐKYERƐMU

Mmoa a wonni akyi berɛmo anaasɛ “wɔn nni akyi berɛmo” fi sponge a ɛnyɛ den, poriferans a enni ntini anaa ntini anaa amemene so kosi cephalopod molluscs a ɛyɛ den na wɔanya nkɔso kɛse te sɛ octopus ne squid, a wɔn nneyɛe yɛ nwonwa na nyansa wom so. Molluscs yɛ mmoa a wonni akyi berɛmo akuw a wɔagyina hɔ ama wɔn yiye wɔ nnompe ho kyerɛwtohɔ mu no mu biako, efisɛ wɔn had shells no kowie tebea horow a ɛbɛyɛ yiye sɛ wɔbɛkora so wɔ po ase no mu.

Nnomaa a wonni akyi berɛmo akuw akɛse no mu biako ne arthropods anaa nkwaa nan. Ɛfa trilobites a wɔn ase atɔre, crustaceans a enni ano te sɛ barnacles ne crabs, ne nkoekoemmoa ne arachnids a wɔte asase so.

SPONGES NKYERƐKYERƐMU

Sponges, phylum Porifera, yɛ mmoa a wɔn ho yɛ nwonwa a wɔtra ase daa wɔ abotan anaa atɛkyɛ a ɛwɔ po ase no so. Wɔhohoro nsu fa wɔn nipadua a ɛwɔ abon no mu na woyiyi aduan nketenkete bi fi mu. Sponges wɔ nipadua a ɛyɛ mmerɛw koraa, enni akwaa, ntini ne ntini soronko na ɛwɔ nkwammoaa ahorow atitiriw kakraa bi pɛ. Efi Cambrian bere so no, sponge dodow no ara agyaw wɔn nipadua a ɛwɔ aboɔden abo no mu nnompe pii.

Ná sponge dodow no ara, tete ne mprempren, te po mu, na mpɛn pii no na ɛwɔ nipadua a ɛyɛ tokuru na ɛyɛ abon a ɛbata po ase wɔ n’awiei biako. Wɔtwe nsu fa nipadua no fasu no mu, baabi a nkwammoaa a ɛma aduan a ɛkata mu no yi aduan mu nneɛma nketenkete no. Nnompe a ɛwɔ mu no betumi ayɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ abɛn, had, mineralized shards anaa spicules, anaasɛ abɛn ne mineralized elements nyinaa, a wɔde ahyɛ nipadua no fasu mu.

Fossils Of Wiase Nyinaa

NKYERƐKYERƐMU

Nwansena yɛ mmoa a wɔn nipadua yɛ mmerɛw koraa, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔntaa nhu wɔn sɛ nwansena gye baabi a wɔkora wɔn so wɔ ɔkwan soronko so. Wohu nwansena wɔ Burgess Shale Formations a ɛwɔ Amerika Atifi fam a wɔakora so sɛ carbon films, ne Chengjiang Formations a ɛwɔ China, baabi a wɔde pyrites ayɛ wɔn minerealized no. Wohu wɔn nnompe nketenkete te sɛ nsukorabea ne amena wɔ wiase nyinaa.

Fossils Of Wiase Nyinaa

AKWANKYERƐFO

Crustaceans ne arthropods a wɔte po mu kuw kɛse sen biara, na wɔte mmeae ahorow pii na ɛwɔ mmoa ahorow bɛboro 40,000 a wɔte ase, a ebinom wɔ nsu pa mu ne asase so ka ho. Nea ɛka ho ne krak, ɔkɔre, shrimps, prawns ne theshrimp te sɛ krill a ɛwɔ po mu, ne pillbugs ne woodlice a ɛwɔ asase so, nsu-nwansena a ɛwɔ atare mu, ne barnacles a ɛwɔ po mpoano.

Wohu crustaceans wɔ fossil kyerɛwtohɔ mu fi Cambrian bere no mu tɔnn Nanso sɛ barnacles a ɛwɔ calcareous mprɛte a ɛyɛ den no da nkyɛn a, mpɛn pii no wɔn ho yɛ na esiane sɛ wonni nipadua akwaa a ɛyɛ den ankasa nti. Ɛyɛ bere a decapods, anaa “akwaa du”- krak, ɔkɔre, krak shrimps ne prawns a wɔn exoskeletons a ɛyɛ den no puei ansa na crustaceans fii ase yɛɛ fossilize daa kakra.

Nnua a wɔfrɛ wɔn crustaceans kuw a yenim wɔn yiye ne decapods. Saa asɛmfua yi kyerɛ “anammɔn du”anaasɛ yɛbɛka no yiye a, akraman ahorow yi akwaa, a ɛyɛ anim pincers abien ne mpɛn pii no anan anan a ɛnam. Decapods no bi ne bɛboro 20,000 a wɔte ase, a ɛka shrimps ne prawns din abien a wɔtaa de frɛ a enni nyansahu nnyinaso katee biara – ne krak, ɔkɔre ne krak ahorow nyinaa.

ARTHROPODS – AKWANKYERƐ – AKWANKYERƐ

Arthropods no bi ne chelicerates ahorow pii -akɔre, akekae, xiphosurans (apɔnkɔ so akraman) ne eurypterids (po mu akɔre). Eyinom nyinaa wɔ chelicerae, anim ntini a tumi wom a wɔayɛ nsakrae wɔ akwan horow so sɛ pincers, claws anaa fangs. Wonim akeka ne akɔre sɛ arachnids, na wɔn anan abien abien nantew na ɛda adi.

Ná akraman ka asase so mmoa a wodii kan bae bɛboro mfe ɔpepem 380 a atwam ni no ho. NKOKOAM – wɔ fossil kyerɛwtohɔ mu no, arthropod anaa “jointed-leg” kuw kɛse no yɛ nsu mu mmoa, te sɛ crustaceans a wɔda so ara renya nkɔso ne trilobites a wɔayera bere tenten no. Sɛ yɛde toto ho a, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ arthropod kuw titiriw a yehyia wɔn da biara da no nkae kakraa bi na ɛwɔ hɔ – nkoekoemmoa.

Eyi te saa efisɛ na dodow no ara yɛ nketewa (na ɛyɛ) nketewa, na ɛyɛ mmerɛw kakra na mmoa a wɔkyere mmoa we taa di. Sɛ ɛnte saa a, na wowuwu wɔ mmeae te sɛ kwae a ɛyɛ nwini, baabi a na porɔw ntɛmntɛm. Nkoekoemmoa a wɔtaa yɛ no wɔ nipadua akwaa atitiriw abiɛsa. Eyinom ne ti, mpɛn pii no ɛwɔ antennae anaa feelers, aniwa ne ano akwaa, thorax, soa ntaban ne nan ne yafunu a nkoekoemmoa a wɔyam aduan, nwura a woyi fi awo mu wom.

Mpɛn pii no, nkoekoemmoa a wanyin wɔ nan asia ne ntaban anan, ɛwom sɛ nwansena ankasa (diptera) wɔ ntaban biako pɛ de.

FOSSIL – ABA FERNS HO NKYERƐKYERƐMU

Fern ahorow bɛboro 11,000 na ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ, na ɛma ɛyɛ afifide kuw titiriw a ɛso sen biara wɔ afifide a ɛsow nhwiren, anaa angiosperms akyi. Te sɛ afifide ahorow afoforo pii a ɛnyɛ den no, ɛnam nkwaboaa so wo. Ferns dii kan puei wɔ Devonian, ɛnam Carboniferous so nyaa nkɔso, na ɛntaa mma wɔ Permian awiei ne Mfinimfini cretaceous mu nanso ɛsan bae wɔ Tertiary bere mu.

Bere bi na wɔde aba a wɔfrɛ no ferns anaa pteridosperms no ne ferns ankasa no bom. Nanso, nneɛma a wohui wɔ afeha a etwaam no mu kyerɛe sɛ aba a ɛba bere a mmea ne mmarima afrafra bom bere a wɔrewo nnɔbae, te sɛ nea ɛte wɔ conifers ne nhwiren afifide mu no so na ɛwo saa afifide yi. Na eyi yɛ nkɔso a ɛbae wɔ spore bearing a ɛyɛ tete de kɛse ne akwan afoforo a apɔnkɔ dua, fern ne afifide afoforo a ɛnyɛ den fa so. Wɔtaa hu aba fern nhaban anaa nhaban wɔ “Coal Age” carboniferous akorae ahorow mu, titiriw wɔ Atifi Fam no nyinaa. Mpɛn pii no, nea wonim no sɛ ɛyɛ afifide biako no afã horow no taa de din ahorow a ɛsono emu biara.

Aba ferns de nokware ferns su ahorow ne nnua a ɛkɔ anim kɛse a wonim no sɛ cycads no su ahorow boom.

Fossils Of Wiase Nyinaa

APATAA – NKWASƐM

Ná akraman no ka mpataa akuw a wodii kan koraa no ho, na wɔn nipadua a ɛyɛ fɛ na ɛyɛ mmerɛw no nsakrae kɛse wɔ wɔn abakɔsɛm tenten no nyinaa mu. Shark ne wɔn nuanom mmarima a wɔbɛn wɔn no, wɔka bom frɛ mframa no sɛ elasmobranchs na te sɛ mpataa afoforo no, wɔwɔ nnompe bi wɔ wɔn mu. Nanso, saa nnompe yi yɛ soronko, efisɛ wɔde ade a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ hu a wɔfrɛ no cartilage na ɛyɛe, na ɛnyɛ dompe, na ɛma wɔn ne chimaeras, anaa ratfish, din a ɛne cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), Nnompe no sɛe ntɛmntɛm sen dompe wɔ owu akyi , enti nimdeɛ a yɛwɔ wɔ akraman a wɔtraa ase ansa na abakɔsɛm reba ho no mu dodow no ara fi wɔn a wɔakora wɔn so yiye no mu. Nse ne ntaban akyi berɛmo a ɛdɔɔso. Eyinom fi Silurian Mfiase Bere no mu, bɛboro mfe ɔpepem 420 a atwam ni.

Mpataa Fossil

Mpataa ahorow dodow no ara a wɔwɔ hɔ nnɛ ne nea wohu wɔ nnompe ho kyerɛwtohɔ mu no, wɔ nnompe a wɔde nnompe ayɛ, ɛnyɛ nnompe na wɔka mpataa kuw Osteichthyes ho. Devonia bere so no, wohuu mpataa yi kuw titiriw bi a wɔfrɛ wɔn lobe-fins anaa sarcopterygians. Lobe-fins lungfish ne coelacanths, ne mpataa a wɔayera akyɛ nso a wɔne tetrapods-amphibians ne mmoa afoforo a wɔwɔ nan anan a wɔwɔ akyi berɛmo nananom wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse.

PRIMITIVE NE RAY-FINNED BONY APATAA

Mpataa dodow no ara a wɔwɔ hɔ nnɛ no ka ostechthyan (mpataa a nnompe wom) kuw ketewa a wɔfrɛ no ray fins, anaa actinopterygians ho. Wɔ eyinom mu no, ntaban mu mframa a ɛte sɛ akyi berɛmo a ɛma ntaban biara bue te sɛ fan mpampam no fi nipadua no mu tẽẽ sen sɛ ebefi nnyinaso a ɛyɛ nam anaa nea ɛte sɛ akyi berɛmo mu. Nanso ansa na ray finds no renya nkɔso no, na akuw bi wɔ hɔ a wɔadi kan ayɛ a mpataa a wonni anom, anaa agnathans, ne placoderms anaa nwoma a wɔayɛ no tratraa a ayera akyɛ ka ho.

APATAA – TELEOSTS HO ​​NSƐM

Nnɛyi mpataa dodow no ara wɔ ray fin (actinopterygian) kuw a wɔfrɛ no teleosts anaa “dompe a edi mũ” a sɛ ɛwɔ hɔ a, nnompe no afã kakraa bi na wɔde nnompe (gristle) na ɛyɛ no mu. Mpataa a wɔte ase a wɔwɔ mmoa ahorow bɛboro 20,000 no mu dodow no ara ka teleost no ho. Wɔsɔree wɔ Triassic bere no mu na wɔdannan wɔn ho ntɛmntɛm wɔ mIddle Cretaceous bere a nnɛyi mmusua no pii hyehyɛɛ wɔn ho no.

Wɔ nnɛyi mpataa a wɔn nnompe wɔ ray finned, teleosts mu no, kuw ketewaa a ɛsõ sen biara no bi ne peerciforms, anaasɛ mpataa a wɔtete te sɛ Mioplosus. Teleosts ne wɔn abusuafo a wɔbɛn wɔn bom yɛ Acanthopterygii a mpataa a wɔte ase ahorow nyinaa mu bɛboro fã ka ho no. Wɔn su ahorow no bi ne nnompe a ɛyɛ den a ɛwɔ anim akyi ntaban no mu anaa ɛbɛn hɔ, na ɛma kuw no nyinaa nya din a wɔtaa de frɛ mpataa a wɔn ho yɛ nwene.

TETRAPODS – NKWASƐM A ƐFA NSƐM HO

Na tetrapods yɛ na ɛyɛ akyi berɛmo a wɔwɔ akwaa a ɛnnɛ nea ɛka ho ne, mmoa a wɔte nsu mu, nnomaa a wɔwea fam ne mmoa a wɔnom nufu (ɛwom sɛ ebinom, te sɛ awɔ, ahwere wɔn akwaa wɔ wɔn adannandi a ɛbaa nnansa yi mu no mu. Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ terapods a edi kan a wɔhome mframa no dan fii mpataa a wɔn ho yɛ nam a wɔn ntaban te sɛ Eusthenopteron ne Panderchthys mu bɛyɛɛ abɔde te sɛ Ventastega ne Acanthostega bɛyɛ mfe ɔpepem 380-360 a atwam ni.

Bere bi a atwam no na mmoa a wɔte nsu mu nsu mu ahorow bi wɔ fie pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ asase kesee so na wosusuw sɛ na wohia nsu nkutoo na ama wɔatumi de wɔn nkesua a wɔde jelly akata so no ahyɛ mu bere a wɔrewo no. Wonim mmoa a wɔte nsu mu a wɔte ase wɔ nnɛyi nkyekyɛmu shcemes mu sɛ lissamphibians. Akuw atitiriw abiɛsa no ne mponkyerɛn ne ntontom, anurans salamandeer ne newts a wɔware sen biara, urodeles a wɔn dua yɛ ne wɔn a wonni nan, nwansena te sɛ caecilians anaa apodans.

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