Australiafo Aboɔden abo

Wobu Australia sɛ aboɔden abo gua akɛse a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa no mu biako, na Australiafo ani agye aboɔden abo a ɛyɛ fɛ pii ho kɛse. Australia wɔ sikasɛm a emu yɛ den ne asetra a ɛkorɔn. Australia yɛ aboɔden abo soronko bi, titiriw Opal, Diamond , Chrysoprase ne Sapphire .

Wodii kan daa Argyle diamond aboɔden abo kɛse a ɛwɔ Australia Atɔe fam adi fi 1979, na wɔ 1980 awiei. Nanso, ɛwɔ hɔ 50% a wɔyɛ no kyekyɛ ma industrial graded diamonds.

Nea ɛka ho no, Australia ne mmeae a ɛda nsow sen biara a wonya diamond a ne bo yɛ den a ɛyɛ pink ne saa ara nso na, bobesa a ɛyɛ hyew ne cognac nne ahorow. Wɔ nnansa yi mfe mu no, Australia afi ase reyɛ adwuma foforo a ɛyɛ den de ahyɛ abo a ɛsom bo kɛse, na ɛyɛ papa te sɛ Sapphires ho nkuran bere a wɔyɛ no.

Nokwarem no, safir abo a wohuu wɔ Australia ho abakɔsɛm fi bɛboro mfe 150 ni. Wɔde amanneɛbɔ a edi kan no mu biako mae fi 1851 bere a wohuu safir bere a na wɔretu sika kɔkɔɔ wɔ nsubɔnten a ɛwɔ Macquarie ne Cudgegong nsubɔnten mu wɔ New South Wales no.

Wɔ 1854 mu no, wohuu Sapphire nso fii New England mantam a ɛwɔ New South Wales mu ne saa ara nso na, wohuu no wɔ Central Queensland wɔ 1875. Nokwarem no, nnipa afoforo de safire dii dwuma maa wɔn de dii dwuma wɔ Australiafo abo a ɛsom bo agude a aba so a wɔyɛe na wɔyɛe a ɛte saa mu sɛ emerald, beryl, rubies, diamond, ne emerald.

Opal foforo a wɔayɛ nnansa yi wɔ Ethiopia no fã bi ahu aboɔden abo su bi a ɛne ne ho di nsɛ koraa titiriw wɔ ne su ne ne hwɛbea mu. Nokwarem no, aboɔden abo ho abenfo no mu biako aka sɛ ɛyɛ Australiafo Opal a eye sen biara. Bio nso, Australia nkutoo ne ɔman a wohu Mookite wɔ hɔ, titiriw wɔ Australia Atɔe fam.

Nanso, wɔda Agate, Jade, Zircon , ne Chrysoprase nso adi wɔ dodow kakraa bi mu. Bere a na wɔde Opal a wotu no yɛ aboɔden abo asɛmti a ɛho hia sen biara ma Australiafo asawdan biara. Mprempren, Argyle Diamond Mine a wohu wɔ Australia atifi fam atɔe no trɛw, nso.

Wogye di sɛ Diamond a wotu wɔ Kimberley mantam mu no ne nea wɔyɛ Diamond sen biara wɔ wiase nyinaa. Sɛ yɛde Diamond adwumayɛbea a edi kan wɔ wiase, a egyina adwumakuw no wɛbsaet a Rio Tintoretto na ɔhwɛ so no to nkyɛn a, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ Argyle Diamond Mine no ma wonya Pink Diamonds nyinaa.

Wɔsan si so dua sɛ wobeyi Diamond bɛyɛ karat ɔpepem 20 afe biara.Bere a wobuee beae a wotu fagude a edi kan no wɔ 1985 mu no, na wɔde adwumayɛfo dodow no ara fi Perth kɔɔ ɔtopae no mu dapɛn biara wɔ bere tenten no mu, bere a ɔtopae no yɛɛ yiye wɔde sii hɔ no, mpɔtam hɔ amansin no bɛyɛɛ nnipa pii mpo na wɔn adwumayɛfo dodow no ara atu akɔtra mmeae foforo, nso.

Nea ɛyɛ nwonwa koraa nso wɔ Argyle ho ne sɛ wobu no sɛ Diamond aboɔden abo kakraa bi a enni kimberlite mu koraa no mu biako. Nea ɛka ho no, Australia nso yɛ aman a ɛho hia a wɔde Sapphire bruu ma wɔ wiase nyinaa no mu biako. Nea ɛyɛ anigye no, bere a ɔbo no a wɔde ma no afi ase reyow, titiriw wɔ Thailand ne Burma no.

Afie pii a wotwitwa nneɛma a wohu wɔ Thailand no akyerɛw wɔn abo wɔ ɔkwan a ɛmfata so sɛ efi wɔn ankasa man mu,a ntease a ɛte saa nti na wɔde Australia Safir no nkonimdi a ɛrekɔ soro no to fam. Wohuu ɔbo a ɛsom bo no wɔ Cudgegong Asubɔnten no mu wɔ 1851 mu bere a wɔn a wotu fam no twitwaa aboɔden abo no bere a na wɔrehwehwɛ sika kɔkɔɔ no.

Esiane sɛ ɛwɔ Opal atopae a ɛyɛ hu nti, wubetumi ahu mmeae pii te sɛ ahɔhodan, nkae adetɔnbea ahorow, tete nneɛma akorae, ne asɔredan ahorow mpo. Ɛdefa fagude ho no, Coober Pedy yɛ beae soronko a ɛsɛ sɛ wokɔ ankasa! Mprempren, nea edi kan wɔ n’abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, Australia bɛyɛɛ akansi bi a agye din a ɛfa ne man ahonyade ho no fã titiriw.

Australiafo Aboɔden abo Ahorow a Wɔde Sie

Aboɔden abo a wɔde asie yɛ ade a wobu no sɛ ɛho hia yiye wɔ aboɔden abo a wɔde asie mu, a ɛma nneɛma ahorow bi a atwa yɛn ho ahyia na epue wɔ abotan nyinaa mu mfe mpempem pii a atwam ni no. Wɔkyekyɛ Australia nneɛma a wɔde asie yi mu kɛkɛ a egyina asase ho nneɛma a ɛde aba no so.

Magmatic Nneɛma a Wɔde Sie

Diamond dodow no ara fi ogya bepɔw mu abotan a wɔfrɛ no “kimberlite”, a wɔde South Africa kurow a agye din yiye Kimberley a wodii kan yɛɛ saa abotan no ho mfonini no din. Nanso, lamproite ne ɔbotan a ɛgye no a efi Argyle daimond a wotu a ɛwɔ Australia Atɔe fam no mu dodow no ara, a ɛdannan sɛ nneɛma a ɛte sɛ paipu a ɛda hɔ a wonim no sɛ diatremes.

Kimberlite fi magma a entumi nnyina, ɛyɛ hyew, na ɛyɛ pii a ɛtaa bɔ wɔ Asase no mu tɔnn mu na ɛba. Nokwarem no, ɛsõ boro kilomita 150 na ɛtrɛw ntɛmntɛm wɔ asase ani a nsu nhyɛso kɛse wom. Bere a ɛkɔ soro no, ɛbubu abotan a kan no na ɛne no atwa ho ahyia no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛpae so, nso. Kimberlite paipu dodow no ara nso ka xenoliths a ɛyɛ fɛ a efi mmeae a ɛwɔ abon ne mantle a kimberlite no afa mu wɔ ne kwan so wɔ soro no nyinaa ho.

Nea ɛka ho no, kimberlites ba titiriw wɔ asasepɔn dedaw bi, carbonic beae bi a ɛwɔ Asase so na ɛsono kɛse wɔ mfe nyinaa mu mfe pii a atwam ni. Nea ɛka ho no, saa abotan yi grade a ɛwɔ kimberlite mu no taa yɛ nea ɛba fam koraa (carats bi pɛ wɔ abotan biara a wɔaboaboa ano anaa nea ɛboro saa biara mu. Afei nso, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ saa abotan yi ho adwuma, nso sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛne diamond ahorow bi a ɛnyɛ anifere bɛyɛ pɛ.

Bio nso, wɔbu Argyle diamond mine a wobɛtumi ahunu wɔ Kimberley mpɔtam hɔ, wɔ Australia atɔeɛ fam no nso sɛ ɛyɛ wiase a ɛdi kan a ɛyɛ diamond a bɛyɛ 95% a ɛyɛ diamond a wɔde mfiridwuma mu grade na ɛyɛ. Nanso, Argyle ma wonya kɔla ahorow a ɛyɛ soronko na ɛsom bo a ɛyɛ pink kosi kɔkɔɔ na ɛyɛ bruu a ɛyɛ hann a ɛtwetwe adwene.

Wɔtaa fi aman ahorow te sɛ Afrika, Angola, Botswana, Congo, Namibia, Russia, Siberia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, ne Zaire, abohene a agye din wɔ wiase nyinaa no bi. Wɔde abohene a edi kan yi mu dodow no ara fi Brazil ne India. Nanso, wobu Sapphires sɛ ɛnyɛ afã biara, bruu, ahabammono, pink ne kɔkɔɔ aboɔden abo-su ahorow ahorow a ɛwɔ mineral corundum no mu.

Wɔsan nso fi Asase no fã a emu dɔ sen biara mu ba na wɔde wɔn kɔɔ Asase ani denam basaltic magmas te sɛ xenocrysts so. Nanso, ɛba bere ne bere mu nkutoo wɔ basalt ahorow no mu na wontumi ntra ase wɔ abotan yi mu. Ɔkwan foforo so no, wobetumi ahu sikasɛm mu safir a ɛwɔ hɔ, titiriw bere a basalt no yɛ den na abotan wɔ hɔ no.

Ɛtaa gyaw aboɔden abo a emu dɔ te sɛ zircon ne sapphires a ɛbɛyɛ nea ɛdɔɔso yiye wɔ placer deposits mu. Abotan-aboɔden abo afoforo, a efi magma mu bae no yɛ: peridot (abohene a ɛkorɔn, olivine ahorow a ɛtaa si hɔ wɔ mantle xenoliths mu) labradorite feldspar (a wohu sɛ aburow a ɛyɛ aboɔden abo wɔ basaltic abotan bi mu), bere a wɔtaa hu zircon wɔ basalt ahorow mu.

Nsuo mu Nneɛma a Wɔde Sie

Abo dodow no ara a wonya fi nsu a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛyɛ hyew na ɛyɛ pii mu no pue wɔ pegmatite nipadua mu. Sɛ nsu no mu yɛ den a boron, lithium, ne tourmaline a ɛyɛ papa wom pɛ a, wɔyɛ. Nokwarem no, wɔka Aquamarine ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ beryl a ɛyɛ bruu-ahabammono, a ɛyɛ papa a wɔde saa pegmatites yi yɛ, bere a heliodor yɛ kɔkɔɔ a ɛyɛ soronko koraa, a ɛyɛ peach-pink ahorow a ɛyɛ soronko koraa.

Aboɔden abo afoforo a ɛsom bo, a wɔyɛ wɔ saa tebea yi mu no, ne nea edidi so yi: (emerald, a ɛwɔ beryl a ɛkorɔn, ahabammono mu), (kunzite, aboɔden abo-a spodumene a emu dɔ-pink wom), (hiddenite , ɔbo a spodumene ahorow a emu dɔ, kɔkɔɔ-ahabammono), (spessartine garnets), ne nokwarem no, ɛwɔ (Caesium-zeolite a ɛyɛ soronko), ne pollucite. Afei nso, ogya bepɔw mu opal nso fi nsu a ɛyɛ hyew mu ba.

Ɔkwan foforo so no, ɛwom sɛ ogya bepɔw mu opal de kɔla-agoru fɛfɛ bi twa ho hyia de, nanso ɛde nsu ahorow a wɔde ka ho nso gyae na ɛpaapae ntɛmntɛm. Wɔntaa mfa nni dwuma sɛ ɔbo a ɛsom bo, nso. Mpɛn pii no, ogya bepɔw mu opal a ɛwɔ hɔ kɛse no pue wɔ aman te sɛ Ethiopia mu. Saa tete opal a wɔde asie yi mu dodow no ara fi ogya bepɔw mu abotan a ɛwɔ Slovakia mu na wɔyɛɛ no ​​fi mfe 2500 a atwam no mu.

Abo a ɛho hia bi, a wonya fii nsu a ɛyɛ hyew bi a ɛwɔ ogya bepɔw mu mmeae ahorow mu no bi ne silica ahorow te sɛ agates, amethyst, chalcedony, ne nnua a wɔayɛ no abo. Nanso wobu turquoise sɛ phosphate a ɛyɛ den a ɛyɛ bruu-ahabammono a ɛwɔ hɔ, a efi nsu a emu yɛ hyew a ɛba fam mu, mpɛn pii no ɛnam phosphate aboɔden abo a na ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw a ɛwɔ nsu mu no a ɛsakra no so.

Wɔadua turquoise mfeɛ 4000 a atwam ni na tete Persiafoɔ ne Misrifoɔ binom na wɔbu no titire. Nokwarem no, mprempren wotu turquoise dodow no ara fi USA atɔe fam. Turquoise nketewa dodow no ara tu fa Victoria atifi fam a ɛwɔ Narooma-Bodalla mpɔtam a ɛbɛn New South Wales anafo fam mpoano, ne Amaroo gyinabea a wohu wɔ atifi fam mantam no mu.

Nneɛma a Wɔde Sie a Ɛyɛ Metamorphic

Aboɔden aboɔ nko ara a ɛtaa pue wɔ metamorphic deposits mu ne zoisite, emerald, garnet, tanzanite, ne ruby. Nokwarem no, wobetumi anya rubies wɔ corundum ahorow kɔkɔɔ a ɛyɛ fɛ mu. Nanso saa rubies yi mu dodow no ara wɔ hɔ ne wɔ abo a ɛyɛ metamorphic a ɛkorɔn te sɛ marbles ne gneisses, nso.

Adwumakuw a edi kan a wɔyɛ rubi a ɛyɛ fɛ a ɛwɔ Burma. Ɛwom sɛ saa rubies yi bi ne sapphires a ɛwɔ basaltic abotan mu no wɔ abusuabɔ koraa de, nanso eyinom dan sɛ xenocrysts, a kan no na efi abotan a ɛyɛ fɛ a ɛyɛ metamorphic abotan a ɛwɔ abon no ase no mu, na wɔde fa basaltic magmas no mu kɔ soro.

Wɔde carbonaceous schist a ɛnyɛ den pii na ɛyɛ wiase emerald ahorow bi wɔ Colombia, Amerika Kesee Fam. Wɔ Australia no, emerald pue wɔ biotite schists a wohu wɔ Australia Atɔe fam no mu, ne pegmatites mu wɔ New England mpɔtam wɔ New South Wales. Abo afoforo a ɛdannan wɔ abo a ɛsakra mu no yɛ iolite a wobu no sɛ ɛyɛ titanite, kyanite, ne cordierite a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ a ɛkorɔn.

Nokwarem no, jade yɛ asɛmfua pɔtee a wɔde ma aboɔden abo ahorow abien a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ den a wɔaboaboa ano, jadeite (pyroxene bi), ne nephrite (asɛmfua a wɔde ma amphibole aboɔden abo akuwakuw. Wɔda kɔla ahorow pii mu, ɛwom sɛ... ahabammono ahorow ne nea wonim no yiye no, wɔde abotan a wɔayɛ no foforo nkutoo na ɛyɛ Jade a ɛwɔ Australia a ɛde nephrite jade tɔn ɔpepem pii kɔ Asia afe biara.

Nsuo a Ɛwɔ Nsuo Mu

Ɛde besi nnɛ no, ɔbo a ne bo yɛ den sen biara a wɔyɛ wɔ mmeae a nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam no ne opal a ɛsom bo no. Eyi mu nneɛma akɛse a ɛwɔ hɔ no taa fa Australia mfinimfini fã nyinaa wɔ atɔe fam, New South Wales, Queensland anafo fam atɔe fã, ne mfinimfini kɔ Australia atifi fam, a wonim no sɛ “Great Artesian Basin” no. Saa opal a ɛwɔ hɔ yi mu dodow no ara taa ba wɔ abo a ɛyɛ fɛ so wɔ Cretaceous bere no mu.

Saa opal ahorow a ɛte sɛ aboɔden abo yi bi da adi sɛ ade a wɔde besi nnompe a wɔatutu fam ahu ananmu koraa, dinosaur te sɛ Eric ne belemnites plesiosaur nnompe a wonim no yiye a ɛyɛ squid a wɔatutu fam ahu no fã titiriw, ne glauberite abo a wɔfrɛ no “opal ananse” ananmu koraa. . Saa opal a ɛwɔ hɔ yi mu dodow no ara nso ba sɛ mpa foforo a abotan a ɛwɔ nsu mu no atwa ho ahyia.

Nea ɛka ho no, opal-bearing adwene no nyɛ nea ɛkɔ so daa koraa na enti, wobu kua ma opal nso sɛ dwuma a ɛma abasamtu wɔ mmere bi mu. Saa opal horizons yi mu dodow no ara yɛ sɛntimita kakraa bi pɛ wɔ wɔn tɛtrɛtɛ nyinaa mu, na mpɛn pii no, opal no ba sɛ pods nketenkete a wonim no sɛ “knobbies”.

Placer Nneɛma a Wɔde Sie

Esiane sɛ ɛyɛ den na ɛko tia wim tebea ne nsɛe nti, sɛ wɔde toto ho a, abo dodow no ara dɔɔso wɔ placer deposits bi mu. Saa safir yi mu dodow no ara a wotu fii Australia apuei fam, a ɛdannan wɔ placer deposits a wobetumi anya concentration denam alluvial technique so. Aboɔden abo afoforo a ɛho hia, a ɛtaa pue wɔ placer-type deposits mu no bi ne agates, garnets, diamonds, rubies, zircons, topaz, ne nnua a wɔatutu fam ayɛ.

Australiafo Opals a Wɔde Di Dwuma

Wɔka opal ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ hardened-gel, a ɛyɛ nsuo ne silica (mpɛn pii no ɛfiri 6 – 10%. Ne honam fam nneɛma no diverge ne wɔn nsonsonoeɛ nyinaa denam wɔn composition ne saa ara nso na, wɔn nsuo a ɛwɔ mu. Ɛnyɛ te sɛ deposits foforɔ, opal yɛ enni nsusuwii biara koraa, a enni ahwehwɛ pɔtee biara.

Nea ɛka ho no, Opal yɛ aboɔden abo a ɛnyɛ den, a wobetumi ahu wɔ aman pii ne asase ho nneɛma ahorow mu. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na yɛahu nsonsonoe a ɛda opal a wɔtaa yɛ yi fi opal a ɛsom bo a wɔde di dwuma wɔ agude mu no ntam no, yebetumi afrɛ itas opal a wɔtaa yɛ. Nokwarem no, saa opal a wɔtaa nya yi wɔ hɔ titiriw a ɛyɛ fitaa, bruu, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛnyɛ hann.

Wɔ bere ne bere mu no, ɛda adi wɔ bruu, ahabammono, borɔdɔma, pink, ne kɔkɔɔ nso mu. Wɔde nneɛma a ɛyɛ fã bi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wobetumi atwitwa mpo ayɛ no afã anaa cabochons mpo na ɛyɛ kɔla a ɛtwetwe adwene no mu dodow no ara. Nokwarem no, Hyaliteis translucent, neutral opals a ebetumi ayɛ sɛ ahwehwɛ koraa, a wonim no sɛ “Potch”, titiriw witha grey, common opal a wobetumi ahu wɔ Australia opal mfuw bi so.

Bio nso, wɔabu akontaa bɛyɛ sɛ Australia opal no bi yɛ potch, na opal bi a ɛsom bo kata dodow no nyinaa so fã ketewaa bi pɛ. Opal Common opal yi a wɔahyehyɛ no bi nni “kɔla agodie” pɔtee biara. Sɛnea wɔhyehyɛ no nyɛ nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw koraa, na ne silica kurukuruwa no betumi ayɛ soronko mpo wɔ ne kɛse ho.

Sɛ silica kurukuruwa bi trɛw kɔ soro fi nanometers 333 (wɔsusuw nanometer biako sɛ milimita nkyem ɔpepem 1, nm), diffracts nkutoo ne infrared beae a ɛwɔ range no, na nea efi mu ba no nni agoru a ɛyɛ pintinn a ɛfa kɔla ho. Opal bi taa ba wɔ bruu, ahabammono, ne nea ɛkeka ho pii mu.

Sɛ nkurɔfo ka opal ho asɛm yiye a, mpɛn pii no ɛkyerɛ asa opal a ɛsom bo. Nokwarem no, ahintasɛm ahyɛ Opal ma wɔ mfehaha pii mu. Opal ahorow abien biara nni hɔ a wobetumi de atoto ho koraa. Nokwarem no, wonyaa asɛmfua “opal” fii Hela asɛmfua “opallos” mu, a ɛkyerɛ “sɛ wɔde kyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda kɔla a ɛsakra no ntam.

Sɛ wogyina MOH no hardness scale so a, ɛtaa susuw 5.5-6.5. Afei nso, ɛyɛ awobo ma October. Wɔkyerɛɛ Opal fi 1849 faako a wɔde sii hɔ wɔ anantwi gyinabea bi a wɔfrɛ no Tarrawilla, a ɛbɛn Angaston a anyɛ yiye koraa no ɛyɛ kilomita 80 wɔ Adelaide akyi a ɛwɔ Australia.

Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ, wɔde opal no 95% asi hɔ wɔ Australia. Wɔtaa hu kakraa bi wɔ aman pii te sɛ Brazil, Mexico, ne USA. Nokwarem no, mmeae ahorow abiɛsa a ɛho hia a wotu opal wɔ Australia a ɛma wonya opal ahorow ahorow. Bio nso, opal a ɛsom bo da nkɛntɛnso soronko bi a wonim no sɛ “kɔla agodie” adi.

Ɛsan nso wɔ ɛnne ahorow a ɛte sɛ sunsuma a ɛba wɔ ɔbo no nyinaa so, titiriw bere a ɛretu no. Nsusuwii ahorow bi a ɛtwetwe adwene no mu dodow no ara yɛ din ahorow a ɛyɛ kɔla ahorow te sɛ pinfire, mosaic, ogyaframa, ne harlequin. Chinafo nkyerɛwee flash ne ribbon yɛ din a wɔde ma wɔ hann anaa sum mu, a egyina ne nipadua su so.

Esiane sɛ opal tuntum ne tuntum de nsonsonoe a emu yɛ den sen biara ma kɔ kɔla a ɛhyerɛn, efisɛ ne bo yɛ den yiye. Wɔ opal a ɛsom bo a wɔahyehyɛ ho no, wɔde ɛlɛtrɔnik microscopic adi dwuma ahu sɛ opal a ɛsom bo, a ɛkata daa, 3-dimensional grid a amorphous, hydrated-silica spheres na wɔyɛ pɛ koraa denam wɔn kɛse so na wɔakyekyɛ mu denam voids nketenkete so.

Reverse refractive indices a ɛwɔ voids ne spheres mu no ma wonya 3-dimensional diffraction grating, a ɛkyekyɛ mu yɛ fitaa-hann kɔ ne kɔla ahorow a ɛyɛ sunsuma no mu. Saa mframa a ɛyɛ asorɔkye tenten pɔtee yi fã bi kata so; hyɛ ɛnne ahorow bi mu den, na twa adeyɛ foforo a wonim no sɛ “intrusion” mu.

Diffraction afrafra ne saa ara nso na, intrusion ma nhyehyɛe a ɛte sɛ sunsuma, a wɔfrɛɛ no ​​“play of color”. Silica kurukuruwa no kɛse kyerɛ kɔla ahorow pii, nso. Nsusuwii nketenkete no de ahoɔden a ɛyɛ ultraviolet nkutoo na ɛpaapae. Mpɛn pii no, kurukuruwa no ntwemu trɛw kodu 138 nm.

Wobetumi nso de hann a wotumi hu wɔ asorɔkye tenten a ɛyɛ tiaa sen biara mu, na ɛma kɔla kɔkɔɔ ba. Bere a kurukuruwa no ntwemu trɛw no, kɔla ahorow a ɛyɛ ahabammono, bruu, ne afoforo fi adi. Kurukuruwa akɛse, a ne kɛse yɛ 241 nm ma kɔkɔɔ nso, kɔla ahorow pii a asorɔkye tenten yɛ tiaa.

Opals a kɔkɔɔ wom no na ɛyɛ kɔla sen biara na mpɛn pii no ɛsom bo sen biara. Nneɛma nketenkete a ɛtwetwe wɔ silica kurukuruwa a wɔboaboa ano daa no mu no ma kɔla mmeae a anohyeto wom a ɛsakra bere a hann no ba no. Kɔla ahorow a ɛsakra fa ɔbo no so no ma opal biara nya ne su soronko.

Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛma wɔn kɔla ahorow no nsusuwii ayɛ kɛse no, wotwitwa opals yiye na wɔyɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ ma ɛbɛyɛ cabochon.Bio nso, opal ahorow afoforo a ɛsom bo te sɛ crystal opalare a ɛyɛ mmerɛw kosi nea ɛyɛ fã bi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔde kɔla di agoru wɔ ne nyinaa mu. Crystal opal a ɛyɛ fɛ fi Mintabie, South Australia.

Abotan opalis a wɔkaa ho asɛm sɛ opal a ɛsom bo a ɛyɛ tratraa a wontumi ntetew mu mfi ne dade abo nsusuwso no ho, na ɛma wonya abɔde mu mmɔho abien. Wɔatwitwa no ayɛ no ahorow a edi ne mpopaho a wɔtaa yɛ no akyi. Mpɛn pii no, Queensland nkutoo na wohu no kɛse. Matrix opalhas hyɛn ntini nketenkete mu, na ɛyɛɛ nsensanee wɔ ne dade abo wim tebea no nyinaa mu.

Ɛyɛ yiye-polished abom ne milieu de ayɛ decorative pieces.Australia ma bɛyɛ 95% wiase no mu opal a ɛsom bo. Wɔtaa hu opal a ɛsom bo a wɔde kyekyere nneɛma kakraa bi wɔ mmeae ahorow te sɛ USA, Brazil, ne Mexico. Wɔ New South Wales ne Lightning Ridge ho no, wɔde opal tuntum pii ma.

New South Wales ne White Cliffs yɛ opal a emu yɛ hare. Mfuw abien no nyinaa ama wɔanya nnompe a ɛyɛ opalised, a ɛyɛ fɛ, a ɛbae bere a opal gyee ntokuru a akorade, nnompe, nnua, ne aboɔden abo afoforo gyaw no. Wɔtaa hu opal nso wɔ amena a efi ogya bepɔw mu abotan mu a ne fã kɛse no ara wɔ Dubbo ne Tintenbar.

Saa bere yi nyinaa, wɔ South Australia no, wodua opal a ɛsom bo wɔ Mintabie, Andamooka, ne Coober Pedy. Wɔkɔ so gye mmeae a wotu fagude a aba foforo no tom wɔ wiase aman pii mu. Wɔtaa hu abotan opal wɔ Queensland atɔe fam mmeae bi. Saa opal a ɛyɛ kɔla a emu da hɔ yi ma dade abo a ɛyɛ tratraa ba.

Yowah ne Quilpie yɛ mmeae a agye din a wotu abotan so opal. Esiane sɛ opal de nsu ka ho nti, ebetumi abubu bere a wɔde ahyɛ ɔhyew anaa nsu mu nsakrae a ɛba ntɛmntɛm anaasɛ emu yɛ den mu pɛn no. Nokwarem no, wonim Coober Pedy yiye sɛ ɔyɛ Milky anaa White. Ɛnnɛ, opal mfuw no bi ne beae a ne kɛse bɛyɛ kilomita 45.

Andamooka taa fi Coober Pedy anafo fam atɔe wɔ ɔmantam a ɛnyɛ ayamhyehye na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu mu. Wobu Andamooka sɛ Australia opal mfuw a agye din sen biara no mu biako, na ɛma wonya opal asinasin a ɛyɛ nwonwa sen biara no bi. Nokwarem no, opal mfuw a atwa Andamooka ho ahyia no ma wonya abo a ɛsom bo a ɛwɔ soro, aboɔden abo, light-opal, ne opal tuntum, nso.

Opal taa wɔ ogya bepɔw ne abotan a ɛwɔ nsu mu nyinaa mu. Opal sɛ Australia Ɔman Aboɔden abo no fã no, wɔsom no kɛse na ɛsom bo soronko wɔ nsɛm a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma so mu. Mpɛn pii no, wɔka opal ho asɛm yiye sɛ silica a enni nhyehyɛe, jelly a ɛyɛ den a enni aboɔden abo nhyehyɛe biara.

Ɛtaa de nsuo 13% na ɛka ho. Opal a ɛsom bo san ma hann ba denam nnyigyei a ɛhyerɛn a wɔde di agoru wɔ kɔkɔɔ a ɛda nsow no so, na ɛno ne nea ɛsom bo sen biara. Saa nne ahorow yi hyerɛn na ɛsakra bere a wofi ɔkwan foforo so hu ɔbo no. Eyi gyina nneɛma nketenkete a ɛda hɔ kwa ne efĩ afoforo a ɛwɔ mu no so.

Opal yɛ nea wohu sɛ ɛyɛ nea wɔde ahwehwɛ mpo kata ho, anaasɛ ɛwɔ nsensanee a ɛyɛ tratraa, bere a asinasin pii yɛ soronko koraa. Sɛ wuhu ɔbotan a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, nanso ɛyɛ ɛna a ɛyɛ den no a wɔde kata so a, wubenya Opal-doublets, a wɔtaa de yɛ agude akɛse a wɔabɔ no.

Eyinom yɛ aboɔden abo a wɔaka abom a wɔde ɔfasu bi a efi milimita, Opal mprɛte a ɛyɛ tratraa, a wɔde ahwehwɛ tuntum a wɔde ayɛ, Obsidian, Onyx , ne Potch-Opal ayɛ. Wɔayɛ triplets afi saa kwan yi so a Opal layer no nya kataso foforo anaasɛ efi Rock Crystal, anaa Hard Glass, nso.

Esiane nsu dodow a ɛbɔ abira nti, Opals yɛ nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw. Wɔkata nsuo so bere nyinaa mpɛn pii no efi 2-6% ntam, nanso ɛtɔ da bi a ɛboro saa mpo. Enti, sɛ wɔde Opal sie ma ɛyɛ nwunu dodo anaasɛ wɔde ɔhyew to mu bere tenten a, Opals bɛda mpaapaemu adi na ne kɔla agodie no abɛyɛ mmerɛw.

Enti, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhyɛ Opal agude sɛnea wobetumi, efisɛ saa bere no, agude no benya nsu a ɛho hia afi mframa mu, ne nea ɔde di dwuma no honam ani. Wɔ nna a edi kan no mu no, na wɔtaa de srade gu Opal no ani a ɛgye no so, nanso nnɛ, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde resin a ɛnyɛ hwee, a wɔayɛ, a agye din kɛse no kata so.

Opal Ho Nneɛma a Ɛwɔ Hɔ:

Nnuruyɛ: Silica a nsu wom

Nneɛma a ɛyɛ den: 5.5 - 6.5

Luster: Ɛyɛ resin kosi vitreous

Nneɛma a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea nneɛma tew: 1.44 - 1.46

Ne kɛseɛ pɔtee: 1.98 - 2.20

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