Shungite Aboɔden abo: Nneɛma, Nkyerɛase, Botae & Nea Ɛkeka Ho

Shungite aboɔden abo a wɔntaa nhu, aboɔ tuntum kosi dwetɛ a wohu wɔ Russia. Esiane carbon a ɛyɛ soronko a ɛwɔ mu nti, wɔbɔ shungite ɔbo no dawuru sɛ “Anwonwade Ɔbo” wɔ honhom ne nyansahu mu akuw nyinaa mu.

Crystal ayaresafo kamfo shungite, titiriw shungite nsu, wɔ sɛnea ɛsa yare no ho. Nyansahufo bu shungite sɛ ɛno nkutoo ne abɔde mu nneɛma a ɛyɛ soronko a wɔfrɛ no fullerenes fibea — pii fa nea ɛba akyiri yi ho!

So shungite yɛ aboɔden abo ? Jewelers fashion shungite, enti ɛyɛ adwuma sɛ aboɔden abo. Nanso, shungite nyɛ ahwehwɛ anaa aboɔden abo.

Yɛbɛbua wo nsɛmmisa nyinaa a ɛfa shungite aboɔden aboɔ ho wɔ akwankyerɛ yi mu, a ahodoɔ ahodoɔ, ayaresa ahoɔden, ne boɔ, ne nea ɛkeka ho ka ho!

Shungite Ɔbo ho asɛm

Shungite betumi ayɛ nea ɛhyerɛn anaasɛ ɛyɛ matte, na ɛyɛ tuntum, fitaa, anaa dwetɛ. Nnipa pii bu shungite sɛ aboɔden abo a ɛsom bo fã bi .

Dɛn ne din foforo a wɔde frɛ shungite? Ebia wubehu “Schungite,” “Schungite fango,” anaa “atɛkyɛ fango.” Nanso, shungite nyɛ fango. Nsɛmfua “shungite natural black” anaa “carbon black,” kyerɛ aduru a wɔde yɛ aduru a wɔde shungite powder ayɛ, adeyɛ a wofii ase wɔ 1700 mfe no mu.

Zodiac bɛn na shungite ye ma? Shungite yɛ nsoromma mu hwɛ bo a ɛkyerɛ sɛnkyerɛnne abiɛsa: Kokoram, Scorpio, ne Capricorn. Aboɔden abo no yɛ kɛse ma Scorpio nkate mu nneyɛe a ɛtaa yɛ nea ɛtra so a ɛkari pɛ na ɛboa Capricornfo a wɔpɛ pɛyɛ no ma wɔnyɛ den kɛse mma wɔn ho. Wɔ Kokoram biara a ɔfɛre ade fam no, shungite ahoɔden a ɛkyekye fapem a ɛyɛ den no boa ma wugyina hɔ ma wo ho.

Wɔ okyinnsoromma no fã no, shungite yɛ nsoromma bo ma Saturn, na ɛkyerɛ yɛn mfaso a ɛwɔ nokwaredi ne abotɔyam a ɛkyɛ so.

Shungite Nkyerɛkyerɛmu & Su ahorow

Shungite yɛ mineraloid , a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛte sɛ mineral nanso enni ahwehwɛ nhyehyɛe anaa nnuru a ɛyɛ pintinn. Shungite wɔ carbon bere nyinaa, nanso nneɛma afoforo anaa aboɔden abo betumi aba mu.

Aboɔden abo bɛn na ɛwɔ shungite mu? Ebi ne pyrite , quartz , ne mica.

Carbon a ɛwɔ shungite mu no fi bɛyɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem 30-98. Shungite dodow no ara yɛ carbon ɔha biara mu nkyem 30-60.

Wɔfrɛ carbon molecule ahorow a ɛwɔ shungite mu no fullerenes. Fullerene yɛ carbon atɔm 60 a ɛyɛ tokuru a wɔahyehyɛ no wɔ afiri a wɔato mu (susuw buckyballs ho) anaasɛ cylinder nsusuwii mu. Shungite dodow no ara wɔ carbon ɔha biara mu nkyem 30-50, nanso shungite abotan betumi ayɛ carbon ɔha biara mu nkyem 5-98.

Yɛbɛbobɔ shungite agyapadeɛ a aka no din wɔ aseɛ ha:

• Kɔla : Tuntum, fitaa, dwetɛ, anaa kɔbere a emu dɔ; Ebia ɛwɔ ntini anaa nsensanee a ɛyɛ sika kɔkɔɔ anaa fitaa a efi nneɛma a wɔde aka ho mu

• Crystal nhyehyɛe : Biara nni hɔ (amorphous) .

• Mohs denden : 3.5-4

• Luster : Ɛyɛ resin, sub-metallic, srade, anaasɛ dull (wɔ abotan mu) .

• Nneɛma a ɛda adi pefee : Opaque

• Nneɛma a ɛma nneɛma yɛ mmerɛw : 2.0

• Nnipa dodow : 1.84-1.98

• Cleavage : Biara nni hɔ

• Abubu : Conchoidal (Type I shungite), granular, anaasɛ ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ

• Streak : Ɛyɛ tuntum

Shungite ahorow & Aboɔden abo a ɛte saa ara

Shungite ahorow atitiriw abiɛsa na ɛwɔ hɔ: Type I, II, ne III. Ɛsono sɛnea fibea ahorow no wɔ ahorow a ɛhyɛ nkyekyɛmu biara ase, nanso fibea ahorow no nyinaa tetew mu denam carbon a ɛwɔ mu so.

Type II ne Type III na wɔtaa de yɛ aboɔden abo. Ebia adetɔnfo de asɛmfua “shungite a wɔyɛ no daa” bedi dwuma ama emu biara.

Type I Shungite (Shungite a wɔyɛ atitiriw anaa wɔyɛ anuonyamfo) .

Type I shungite yɛ dwetɛ, ɛhyerɛn, na ɛyɛ dade fã bi a carbon ɔha biara mu nkyem 90-98 wom. Saa abo yi yɛ hann na ɛyɛ torotoro te sɛ ahwehwɛ. Ebia na wɔwɔ nneɛma a wɔde ka ho a ɛyɛ kɔla a ɛte sɛ dɔte.

Wɔsan frɛ saa ahorow yi “dwetɛ shungite” ne “noble” anaa “elite” shungite. So “Elite” yɛ shungite din, wɔ aban kwan so? Dabi, nanso ɛyɛ aguadi din a wɔtaa de frɛ.

Shungite a ɛyɛ type I no yɛ shungite nyinaa mu ɔha biara mu nkyem 1 pɛ, na ɛma ɛyɛ nea ɛho yɛ na na ɛsom bo sen biara. Nanso, ɛno nso ne nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw sen biara.

Ɔkwan a ɛto so abien (Petrovsky Shungite) .

Type II shungite yɛ matte, graphite kɔla a carbon ɔha biara mu nkyem 70-80 wom.

Dɛn ne Petrovsky shungite? “Petrovsky shungite” ne “grey shungite” yɛ din a wɔde frɛ Type II shungite. Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ edin “Petrovsky” no hyɛ Peter Ɔkɛseɛ, onipa titiriw a ɔmaa shungite gyee din no anuonyam.

Shungite a ɛyɛ Ɔkwan a Ɛto so III (Shungite Tuntum) .

Ɛsono nneɛma a wonya fi mu wɔ sɛ ebia “shungite tuntum” yɛ Type II anaa Type III ho. Nea ɛka ho no, ebinom ka sɛ Type III shungite wɔ ɔha biara mu nkyem 30-50 bere a afoforo ka sɛ ɛwɔ carbon ɔha biara mu nkyem 50-70.

Yɛbɛka Type III shungite ho asɛm sɛ classic black form a carbon ɔha biara mu nkyem 30-60 wom.

Saa ahorow yi taa wɔ nsensanee anaa ntini a ɛyɛ fitaa anaa sika kɔkɔɔ na sɛ wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ a, ɛte sɛ nea ɛhyerɛn. Shungite aboɔden abo dodow no ara yɛ shungite tuntum.

Aboɔden abo a ɛte saa ara

Shungite te sɛ aboɔden abo kakraa bi, nea ɛda nsow kɛse ne obsidian , jet, ne hematite .

Shungite vs. obsidian: Obsidian yɛ ɔbotan a ogyaframa wom a ogya bepɔw mu ahwehwɛ na ɛyɛ. Shungite ne obsidian nyinaa yɛ tuntum na ɛnyɛ nea ɛte sɛ nea ɛwɔ hɔ. Enti, wobɛyɛ dɛn ahu nsonsonoe a ɛda shungite ne obsidian ntam? Sɛ nneɛma ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ no da nkyɛn a, obsidian yɛ den (ɛyɛ duru) kɛse sen shungite.

Shungite vs. jet: So shungite yɛ ɔbo a emu yɛ hare? Yiw, shungite mu duru yɛ hare, na ɛte sɛ jet. Nea ɛka ho no, shungite ne jet nyinaa yɛ tuntum ne carbon-based. Nanso, shungite a wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ dodow no ara yɛ ahinanan kakra, bere a jet a wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ no yɛ mmerɛw na ɛyɛ kurukuruwa.

Shungite vs. hematite: Wobɛyɛ dɛn ahu nsonsonoe a ɛda shungite ne hematite ntam? Hematite yɛ iron oxide mineral a, te sɛ shungite, tumi de anyinam ahoɔden kɔ. Nanso, hematite wɔ kɔla tuntum a ɛyɛ pɛ, bere a shungite taa nya sika kɔkɔɔ anaa efĩ fitaa.

Afei, momma yɛnhwehwɛ shungite abakɔsɛm a ɛyɛ fɛ no mu!

Shungite Nkyerɛase & Abakɔsɛm

Russiani asase ho nimdefo Aleksandr Inostrantsev kyerɛw nyansahu mu nkyerɛkyerɛmu a edi kan a aban mpanyimfo de mae wɔ 1879 mu na ɔtoo ɔbo no din “shungite.” Inostrantsev yɛɛ nhwɛsode ahorow a efi Russia Shunga akorae a ɛbɛn Onega Ɔtare a ɛwɔ Karelia no mu nhwehwɛmu na ohui sɛ ɛyɛ abɔde mu carbon a ɛsono fango.

Fam tutufo adanse a ɛkyerɛ mmeae kronkron a atwa Ɔtare Onega ho ahyia no daa no adi sɛ na beae no wɔ honhom mu ntease wɔ afe 6,000 A.Y.B. Sámifo akɔmfo gye di sɛ ɔtare no wɔ nsu a ano yɛ den na ɛho tew, na wɔyɛ amanne ahorow wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn hɔ. Efi 1300 mfe no mu no, asɔredan ahorow nso sisii wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn ɔtare no de ne tete agyapade kronkron no bi dii dwuma.

Enti, ɛnyɛ nwonwa sɛ na Russiafo nim shungite mfehaha pii ansa na Inostrantsev rehu. Wɔ Russiafo anansesɛm mu no, wɔfrɛ no “Nkwa Abo.”

Kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow a ɛka shungite ho asɛm, wɔ edin “aspidniy” ase no puei nea edi kan wɔ 1706. Ahyɛde ahorow a efi Czar Peter I, anaa “Peter Ɔkɛseɛ” hɔ a wɔkae sɛ wobenya aspidniy afi Olonetsky hɔ ama nsuten a ɛwɔ n’Awɔw Bere mu Turo ahorow mu.

Ɛda adi sɛ na wɔde shungite abo a wɔde tew nsu ho no agye atom yiye wɔ Russia. Bio nso, Petro Ɔkɛseɛ maa n’asraafo de shungite abo baa ɔko mu de tew nsu ho na wɔasiw ɔyare mmoawa ano.

Bere a Peter Ɔkɛseɛ wui wɔ 1725 mu akyi no, shungite ho mfaso so tew kosii 1930 mu bere a Russiafo nhwehwɛmufo fii ase suaa ho ade no. WWII gyaee adesua ahorow yi, nanso ɛsan nyaa nkɔso wɔ 1960 mfe no mu.

Wɔ 1985 mu no, nyansahufo huu shungite fullerenes na wonyaa Nobel Akyɛde wɔ 1996 mu wɔ nea wohuu no ho.

Fullerenes ho hia kɛse ma shungite mfaso. Wɔ saa nkyerɛwde no so no, dɛn na shungite a wɔannoa no ye ma?

Shungite Ayaresa Nneɛma

Aboɔden abo nyinaa betumi ayɛ abo a ɛsa yare esiane ne kɔla ne ne mfiase nti. Sɛ yɛhwɛ shungite kɔla a, dɛn na wɔde abo tuntum di dwuma?

Abo tuntum a wɔde di dwuma ne mfaso horow a ɛwɔ so no bi ne ahobammɔ, ahobammɔ, ne fam a wɔde si. Sɛnea nneɛma tuntum twetwe kɔla biara no, aboɔden abo tuntum twetwe ahoɔden a enye nyinaa.

Mfaso bɛn na ɛwɔ nipadua ne nkate fam shungite ɔbo no so?

Nipadua mu Ayaresa

Nyansahu mu nhwehwɛmu pii wɔ hɔ a ɛfa shungite nipadua mu mfaso ho, na ne nyinaa bata ne fullerenes ho. Mfaso ahorow bi ne:

• Mmoawa ne mmoawa a wɔsɛe wɔn . Ɛgyina 2017 nyansahu mu nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa carbon nanostructure (CNS) a ɛwɔ fullerenes mu so.

• Oxidative stress & inflammation a wɔtew so . Ɛgyina 2017 nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ mprako a wɔde UV mframa dii dwuma, afei wɔmaa wɔn shungite solution a ɛtew honam ani ɔsɛe ne ɔfe so. (Sɛ yɛbɛhwɛ: Oxidative stress yɛ atɔm a ɛsɛe nkwammoaa ne nneɛma a ɛko tia ɔyare mmoawa a ɛko tia wɔn a ɛnkari pɛ).

• Nsu a wɔde tew ho . Ɛgyina adanseɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ shungite yi nnuru a wɔde kum mmoawa ne efĩ firii nsuo mu wɔ afe 2018 nhwehwɛmu bi mu na ɛyi radioactive compounds firii nsuo mu wɔ afe 2017 nhwehwɛmu bi mu so .

• Ahobammɔ a wɔbɔ fi EMF mframa a wɔtow gu ho. Egyina mpɔtorɔ a wɔbɔɔ wɔn ho ban fi EMF mframa ho wɔ nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2003 mu so .

Nsu a wɔde tew ho ne EMF a wɔde bɔ ho ban ne shungite a wɔde di dwuma a agye din sen biara. Ebia Shungite EMF kyɛm su no bɛbata ne anyinam ahoɔden a ɛde kɔ no ho. Ebinom ka sɛ ɛyɛ ɔbo a eye sen biara a wɔde bɔ EMF ho ban na ɛnyɛ sɛ ɛtwetwe ahoɔden a epira no nko na mmom ɛdan ahoɔden a mfaso wɔ so.

Bere a nhwehwɛmu pii ho hia no, ɛda adi sɛ shungite abo nsu boa ma ɔfe ne nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa yɛ. Nyansahufo wɔ anidaso sɛ awiei koraa no fullerenes bɛboa ma wɔasa HIV ne kokoram.

Nkate mu Ayaresa

Dɛn na shungite abotan ye ma nkate fam? Wɔkyerɛ sɛ Shungite yɛ nea ɛwɔ fam kɛse, na ɛde wo bata asase so ahoɔden ahorow ho na ɛkyekye fapem ma ankorankoro nkɔso.

Mfaso foforo a wɔkyerɛ sɛ shungite de ba ne nkate mu a wobɛkɔ so agyina pintinn, na ɛboa wo ma wusi gyinae a ntease wom na wusua biribi fi nkate a emu yɛ den mu sen sɛ wobɛwe. Crystal ayaresafo de shungite di dwuma de hyɛ adwene mu pefeeyɛ ne anidaso ho nkuran wɔ wɔn a wodi sikasɛm anaa abusuabɔ mu apereperedi a ɛyɛ den ho dwuma no mu.

Shungite Aboɔden abo Nneɛma a Ɛwɔ Hɔ

Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wahu bo a aboɔden abo bi wɔ botae mu no, onimdefo bi hwehwɛ nneɛma a ɛsom bo, anaa aboɔden abo su ahorow mu. Shungite bo a ɛsom no fi ne kɔla, ne hyerɛn, ne twitwa, ne ne mu duru a ɛyɛ carat.

Ahosuo

Shungite betumi ayɛ fitaa, dwetɛ, anaa tuntum. Carbon dodow a ɛkɔ soro no ma dwetɛ ba, bere a dodow a ɛba fam no ma ɛyɛ fitaa anaa tuntum.

Kɔla a ɛsom bo sen biara ne dwetɛ, efisɛ eyi yɛ nea ɛho yɛ na sen biara no de — elite shungite. Nanso, hyerɛn betumi ne kɔla akɔ bom wɔ mfaso a ɛwɔ so nkɛntɛnso mu.

Luster a ɛyɛ fɛ

Carbon dodow nso nya shungite hyerɛn so nkɛntɛnso. Carbon a ɛkɔ soro no ma dade hyerɛn. Carbon dodow a ɛba fam, ne sulfur kakraa bi ma ɛyɛ te sɛ nea ɛyɛ matte. Shungites binom hwɛ matte mfiase no, nanso bere a wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ no, ɛbɛyɛ hann.

Polishing agyiraehyɛde a wotumi hu a efi polishing a enye mu no betumi ama bo a ɛsom no so atew. Mpɛn pii no, dade a ɛhyerɛn te sɛ ahwehwɛ no som bo sen biara.

Twa

Shungite a ɛba fam wɔ Mohs hardness scale no so no ma faceted cuts yɛ den na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ enni hɔ.

Shungite dodow no ara bɛyɛ cabochon , ebia ɛyɛ oval, pear, na ɛte sɛ drop. Ebia wɔn a wɔyɛ agude de cabochons anaa abo a wɔannoa mpo bedi dwuma de ayɛ shungite pendant.

Afoforo a wɔtaa twitwa no bi ne shungite nhwiren , pyramid, pendulum, ne adwini. Symmetry a ɛkorɔn wɔ ntwitwa biara mu kyerɛ sɛ ɛsom bo a ɛkorɔn.

Carat Mu duru

Shungite tuntum anaa fitaa wɔ akɛse, enti wɔn a wotwitwa aboɔden abo taa de saa ahorow yi yɛ kurukuruwa anaa pyramid. Elite shungite kɛse sua, enti akɛse kyerɛ sɛ ne bo yɛ den kɛse wɔ carat biara mu.

Afei, san kɔ shungite akwantu no mu kɔhwɛ sɛnea ɛyɛ!

Shungite Formation & Nneɛma a Wɔde Yɛ Adwuma

Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ Shungite bae bɛyɛ mfe ɔpepepem 2.2 a atwam ni wɔ Paleoproterozoic Bere no mu. Nsusuwii abiɛsa na ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea wɔhyehyɛ Russia shungite:

1. Atɛkyɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na abakɔsɛm reba no danee ngo a ɛyɛ hyew, afei ɛbɛyɛɛ shungite esiane ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro fi Asase ase nti

2. Nkwammoaa a ɛporɔw (ebia prokaryotes) a ɛwɔ abotan a ɛwɔ nsu mu a wɔde afrafra nsu a ɛyɛ fĩ (nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam) ne atɛkyɛ mu ma ɛyɛ kerogen. Afrafrade no memee wɔ asase ase, faako a ɔhyew ne nhyɛso miaa ade no ma ɛbɛyɛɛ shungite.

3. Meteorite bi a carbon pii wom a ɛkura shungite bɔɔ Asase na ɛde ɔbo no guu ha.

Wɔn a wotu fam no hu sɛ shungite akyekyɛ wɔ ɔbotan a ɛgye no nyinaa mu anaasɛ wɔ nsu a wɔaboaboa ano mu. Ɔbotan bɛn na wohu shungite wɔ mu? Shungite abotan a ɛwɔ hɔ no betumi ayɛ nea ɛyɛ nsu a ɛtɔ anaa ogya bepɔw.

Wɔfrɛ lustrous shungite a wohu wɔ mobilized sediment mu migrated shungite, a ɛwɔ subtypes abien: layer shungite ne vein shungite, sɛnea baabi a wohu wɔ ɔbotan no mu no te.

Mmeae a Wɔtu Tuo

Russia da so ara yɛ beae a shungite dɔɔso sen biara. Shungite fibea afoforo a wɔbɔ ho amanneɛ no bi ne:

• Austria

• China

• Democratic Republic a ɛwɔ Congo no

• India

• Kazakhstan na ɛwɔ hɔ

• U.S.A. (Michigan) .

Sɛ worehwehwɛ shungite a wɔtɔn mu a, bo bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ wohwɛ kwan?

Shungite Bo & Ne Bo

Wɔ bo a wɔtɔn no kɛse mu no, shungite bo a wɔbɔ wɔ gram biara mu nyinaa gu ahorow fi $0.03-$2 wɔ gram biara mu.

Shungite aboɔden abo a ne bo yɛ den sen biara ne elite shungite. Elite shungite nuggets gu ahorow fi $0.08-$0.13 wɔ gram biara mu ma asinasin nketewa kosi $0.80-$2 wɔ gram biara mu ma asinasin a emu duru yɛ gram 100 kosi 400. Elite shungite beads bɛyɛ $50-$60 ma 50-bead strand.

Shungite abo a wɔahwe ase a ɛwɔ 2-6cm ntam no taa yɛ $0.03 wɔ gram biara mu (ma parcel) anaasɛ bɛyɛ $3 biara. Shungite pyramids bo yɛ $11-$15 ma 50mm sorokɔ anaa $50-$55 ma 90mm sorokɔ.

Beaded shungite nkapo no fi $35-$50 ma 14mm ne bɛyɛ $40 ma 16mm. Shungite nkapo afoforo bo yɛ dɔla 7 kosi 35. Elite shungite kɔnmuade betumi ayɛ $5-$15. Shungite pendants afoforo fi $2-$10.

Shungite Hwɛ ne Nsiesiei

Fango a carbon pii wom sɔ gya, enti so shungite tumi hyew? Mpɛn pii no, dabi. Shungite bɛhyew wɔ ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro yiye nkutoo mu.

Shungite twetwe na ɛyɛ mmerɛw, enti di ho dwuma yiye. Yɛhyɛ nyansa sɛ yi shungite agude ansa na woayɛ biribiara wɔ baabi a wobetumi abɔ no. Fa shungite sie akyirikyiri fi aboɔden abo afoforo ho na amma ansɛe.

Sɛ wopɛ sɛ wohohoro shungite ho a, fa samina a ɛnyɛ den fra nsu a ɛyɛ hyew mu. Fa brɔs a ɛyɛ mmerɛw hyɛ aduru no mu na fa ɔbo no hohoro brɛoo. Fa nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini hohoro wo shungite no na fa microfiber ntama a mfutuma nnim bɔ so ma ɛnyow.

Fa Shungite Hyerɛn Wo Hann!

Ebia ɛbɛyɛ te sɛ nea Shungite nyɛ ahomaso, nanso okura ahintasɛm tumi ahorow wɔ mu. Efi ntini a efi Russia ahemfo mu so kosi nneɛma a tumi wom a wɔde tew nneɛma ho so no, akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ shungite anya ne “Anwonwade Ɔbo” abodin.

Mfa yɛn asɛm no nyɛ nokware kɛkɛ — hwehwɛ shungite ɔbo no ma wo na fi ase te ne mfaso nka!

Worehwehwɛ honam ne honhom fam ahobammɔ? Kɔtɔ shungite aboɔden abo nnɛ!

Shungite