Samarskite Gemstone: Nneɛma, Nkyerɛase, Botae & Nea Ɛkeka Ho

Samarskite yɛ aboɔden abo anaa aboɔden abo soronko a ɛho yɛ na a ne fã kɛse no ara yɛ abo tuntum anaa bruu. Samarskite kuw no muni titiriw a wɔtaa frɛ no “samarskite” kɛkɛ ne samarskite-(Y) a ɛwɔ yttrium.

Aboɔden abo no mu yɛ duru yiye, na ne kɛse mpo sen pyrite .

Bere a samarskite aboɔden abo abu so kakra no, ɛho yɛ na koraa sɛ aboɔden abo . Wobu eyi kɛse sɛ ɔbo a ɔboaboa nneɛma ano.

Wopɛ sɛ wuhu pii? Yɛde mo akata so! Ɛnnɛ, sua samarskite agyapade, sɛnea wɔde di dwuma, ne bo, abakɔsɛm, ne nea ɛkeka ho nyinaa!

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Samarskite-(Y) ahwehwɛ akuwakuw a efi Tom Ross Mine a ɛwɔ Yancey Co, North Carolina; Richard Hauck Nneɛma a Wɔaboaboa Ano | Mfonini no fi: Kelly Nash, CC-BY-SA-3.0

Ɛfa Samarskite Ɔbo ho

Samarskite yɛ aboɔden abo a ɛho yɛ na a ne bo yɛ fã bi a wonim no kɛse wɔ wɔn a wɔboaboa aboɔden abo a ɛyɛ soronko ano no mu.

Ɔbo no anya din ahorow pii, te sɛ:

• Adelfolite / Adelfolite a ɛyɛ den

• Ampangabéitefo a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ

• Ånnerödite na ɔkyerɛwee

• Eytlandite a wɔde yɛ adwuma

• Hydroeuxenite a wɔde yɛ adwuma

• Hydrosamarskite a wɔde yɛ adwuma

• Nuevite kasa mu

• Uranoniobite a wɔde yɛ aduru

• Uranotantal / Uranotantal a ɛyɛ aduru a ɛma obi nya ahoɔden

• Yttroilmenite a wɔde yɛ adwuma

Nanso wonim samarskite yiye sɛ wɔde di dwuma wɔ aboɔden abo wiase no akyi.

Samarskite a Wɔde Di Dwuma

Samarskite yɛ samarium mu aboɔden abo, asase a ɛho yɛ na a ɛho hia a wohu nso wɔ monazite ne bastnasite mu. Samarium yɛ efĩ a ɛwɔ aboɔden abo abiɛsa no nyinaa mu.

Nneɛma atitiriw a wɔde samarium di dwuma ne:

• Samarium-cobalt daa magnets — Ɛko tia nsɛe ne demagnetization kɛse; Wɔtaa de di dwuma wɔ mfiri, akasam, afiri a wɔde bɔ asom, MRI, generators mu

• Nuklea reactor control rods — Neutron a ɛkɔ soro a wɔtwe

• Nnuru a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a nkwa wom — Reducing & coupling agent; Wɔde yɛɛ Taxol, aduru a wɔde sa kokoram, ne Quadramet, ɛyaw aduru a wɔde sa nnompe mu kokoram

• Geochronometer — Ɛkyerɛ mfeɛ a abotan adi ne ne mfitiaseɛ

• Catalyst for chemical reactions — Wɔde di dwuma wɔ electrochemical dinitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), ahoɔden a ɛtra hɔ daa a wɔde si carbon neutrality ananmu, ne nsu & hydrogen a woyi fi ethanol mu

Samarium a wɔde di dwuma nketenkete afoforo ne:

• Carbon arc akanea (wɔde di dwuma wɔ sini & TV mu) .

• Flint a emu yɛ hare

• Optical & infrared a ɛtwetwe ahwehwɛ

Samarskite-(Yb) yɛ nea ɛda nsow sɛ ɛyɛ aboɔden abo kakraa bi a ɛwɔ ytterbium no mu biako, na ɛka afoforo te sɛ monazite, euxenite, ne xenotime ho.

Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛda nsow a wɔde samarskite dii dwuma wɔ 1992 mu, bere a NASA sɔɔ samarskite ahwehwɛ a enyin wɔ tebea horow mu hwɛe denam traveling solvent float zone (TSFZ) kwan a ɛwɔ mfonini a ɛwɔ ase ha no so no.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Paylod Commander (PLC) Mark Lee reyɛ sɔhwɛ M20 (Samarskite Crystal nyin wɔ Microgravity mu) wɔ Spacelab-Japan | Mfonini no fi: Ɔman Nneɛmakorabea a ɛwɔ College Park - Mfonini a ɛda so ara wɔ hɔ, Ɔmanfo de

Samarskite Nkyerɛkyerɛmu & Su ahorow

Wɔ mfiridwuma mu no, Samarskite yɛ aboɔden abo a ɛtoatoa so, abien titiriw ne samarskite-(Y) ne samarskite-(Yb), na ɛno nkutoo na ɛwɔ “samarskite” din.

Nnuru bɛn na ɛwɔ samarskite mu?

1. Yttrium, ferric iron, niobium, ne oxygen wɔ Samarskite-(Y) mu. Samarskite-(Y) nhyehyeɛ no ne YFe3+Nb2O8.

2. Samarskite-(Yb) kura ytterbium, ferric iron, oxygen, ne niobium, ne ɛtɔ mmere bi a tantalum. Samarskite-(Yb) nsusuwii ne YbFe3+(Nb,Ta)2O8 anaa YbNbO4.

Efĩ a ɛtaa ba samarskite-(Yb) mu no bi ne uranium, thorium, calcium, dade a ɛyɛ dade, tantalum, erbium, yttrium, ne dysprosium. Samarium, uranium, titanium dioxide, ne cerium yɛ efĩ a abu so wɔ samarskite-(Y) mu.

Nsusuwii a wɔde yɛ samarskite kuw (columbite kuw kɛse no fã) ne A3+B3+C5+2O8, a:

• A betumi ayɛ ytterbium, yttrium, lanthanide, uranium, thorium, anaa calcium

• B betumi ayɛ ferric dade anaa manganese (Mn2+) .

• C betumi ayɛ niobium, tantalum, anaa titanium, nanso ɛsɛ sɛ niobium boro tantalum ne titanium so

Samarskite-(Y) crystals yɛ prismatic & stubby, tabular, anaasɛ ɛyɛ tenten a n’awiei yɛ pyramidal. Mpɛn pii no, aboɔden abo no yɛ granular, compact, ne/anaasɛ kɛse.

Samarskite-(Yb) ahwehwɛ pii yɛ metamict, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔahwere wɔn ahwehwɛ nhyehyɛe esiane radioactive decay nti, mpɛn pii no efi uranium efĩ pii mu.

Samarskite Nneɛma a Ɛwɔ Hɔ

Eyinom ne su ahorow a ɛwɔ samarskite-(Y) ne samarskite-(Yb), a wɔhyɛ nsonsonoe nsow bere a ɛfata no:

• Mohs denden : 5-6

• Kɔla : (Y) - Tuntum, bruu-tuntum; Mpɛn pii no, ɛyɛ bruu anaasɛ ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ-biribiri; (Yb) - Abibifo; Metamict ade - Brown kosi kɔkɔɔ-biribiri

• Ahwehwɛ nhyehyɛe : Monoclinic anaa orthorhombic

• Luster : (Y) - Vitreous, resinous, anaase sub-metallic; Yb - a ɛyɛ ahwehwɛ; Metamict nneɛma - Dull

• Nneɛma a ɛda adi pefee : Opaque; Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, ɛyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee wɔ asinasin a ɛyɛ tratraa mu

• Nneɛma a ɛma nneɛma yɛ mmerɛw : (Y) - 2.10-2.20; (Yb) - boro 2.10 so

• Nneɛma a ɛyɛ den : (Y) - 5.25-5.69; (Yb) - 7.03 na ɛwɔ hɔ

• Cleavage : (Y) - Ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi/Ohiani wɔ {010} so; (Yb) - Biara nni hɔ

• Akisikuru : Conchoidal

• Streak : (Y) - a ɛyɛ tuntum a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ-biribiri, kɔkɔɔ-biribiri, anaa tuntum; (Yb) - a ɛyɛ bruu kɔsi tuntum; Metamict nneɛma - Gray

• Luminescence : Biara nni hɔ

• Pleochroism : Biara nni hɔ

• Birefringence : Biara nni hɔ (esiane metamictization nti) .

• Apete : Biara nni hɔ

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Yttrotantalite nhwɛsode a ɛwɔ pyrite ahwehwɛ a ɛte sɛ birikisi kɔkɔɔ wɔ vug nketewa mu; Efi type locality (Ytterby pegmatite wɔ Sweden); Mullane Nneɛma a Wɔaboaboa Ano | Mfonini no fi: Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com – CC-BY-SA-3.0

Samarskite Ahorow Ahorow

Ase hɔ no yɛ aboɔden abo a ɛwɔ samarskite kuw no mu no nyinaa:

• Calciosamarskite : Nnua a ɛyɛ orthorhombic; Nkyekyɛm (Ca,U4+)Fe3+(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O8 anaa (Ca,Fe,Y)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O4 denam IMA so

• Ishikawaite : Ayaresabea biako; Nkyekyɛm U4+Fe2+Nb2O8 anaa (U,Fe,Y)NbO4 a IMA yɛ

• Samarskite-(Y) : Ayaresabea biako; Nnuru a wɔde yɛ YFe3+Nb2O8

• Samarskite-(Yb) : Ayaresabea biako; Nkyekyɛm YbFe3+(Nb,Ta)2O8

• Shakhdaraite-(Y) : Ayaresabea biako; Nkyekyɛm ScYNb2O8

• Srilankite : Nnua a wɔfrɛ no Orthorhombic; Nsusuwii ZrTi2O6 anaa TiO2 a IMA yɛ

• Yttrotantalite-(Y) : Ɛyɛ nea ɛyɛ nwonwa; Nkyekyɛm (Y, U, Fe2 +) (Ta, Nb) (O, OH) 4

Nanso hena na odii kan huu samarskite?

Samarskite Abakɔsɛm

Germanni aboɔden abo ho nimdefo Gustav Rose ne Germanni asase ho nimdefo & polymath Alexander von Humboldt na wodii kan huu Samarskite. Wohuu aboɔden abo no bɛyɛ afe 1832 mu wɔ Ilmen Mmepɔw a ɛwɔ Russia (Siberia) no so.

Gustav Rose kyerɛw samarskite ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu a edi kan wɔ 1839 mu nanso ɔfrɛɛ no ​​“uranotantalite” esiane uranium ne tantalum a ɛwɔ mu nti.

Wɔ 1847 mu no, ne nua Heinrich Rose tintim nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔayɛ no foforo a ɛdaa niobium a ɛwɔ mu titiriw adi, na ɔfrɛɛ no ​​“uranoniobite.”

Nanso, Heinrich Rose de edin foforo ho nyansahyɛ mae wɔ ne nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɔde mae wɔ 1847 mu no mu: samarskite. Edin yi mfiase? Bere a wɔrehyɛ Russiani mfiridwumayɛfo a ɔtu fagude (ne Russia Mfiridwumayɛfo Kuw a Wɔtu Fam) no Adwumayɛfo Panyin) Ɔsahene Vasily Samarsky-Bykhovets a ɔmaa Rose nhwɛsode ahorow a ɛkorɔn sɛ onsua ho ade no anuonyam.

Wɔ 1881 mu no, Norwayni asase ho nimdefo Waldemar Christofer Brøgger (anaa Brögger) ne Swedenni nnuruyɛfo Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand tintim aboɔden abo bi a wɔfrɛɛ no ​​“ ånnerödite ” ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu.

Wɔkaa ho asɛm sɛ “ne titiriw no, ɛyɛ uranium ne yttrium pyro-niobate” nanso ɛkame ayɛ sɛ na ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ no ne samarskite yɛ pɛ.

Nanso dɛn nti na wɔtoo samarium din samarium?

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: François Lecoq de Boisbaudran, a ohuu gallium, samarium, ne dysprosium | Mfonini no fi: Orange.fr , Ɔmanfo de

Samaria Abakɔsɛm

Switzerlandni nnuruyɛfo Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac dii kan hwɛɛ samarium wɔ 1853 mu denam spectroscopy a wɔde hwɛ ade bi a wɔfrɛ no “dydemia” so.

Wɔ 1870 mfe no awiei mu hɔ no, wohuu samarskite pii wɔ Amerika Atifi fam. Ne saa nti, nyansahufo ani gyee samarskite ho sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛtew nneɛma a ɛho yɛ na wɔ asase so.

Wɔ 1879 mu no, Franseni nnuruyɛfo Paul-Émile (François) Lecoq de Boisbaudran (a ne mfonini wɔ atifi hɔ) bɛyɛɛ obi a odii kan yii samarium fii samarskite mu na ɔtoo din.

Franseni nnuruyɛfo Eugène-Anatole Demarçay dii kan yii element “radical Σ” (mprempren wɔfrɛ no europium) fii mu wɔ 1901. Eyi bae bere a ohui wɔ 1896 mu sɛ de Boisbaudran samarium oxide nhwɛsode no mu nneɛma no ayɛ fĩ akyi.

Samarskite Aboɔden abo Afoforo a Wohuu

Samarskite aboɔden abo a wohuu akyiri yi no din ni:

1. Yttrotantalite-(Y) : Wodii kan kaa ho asɛm fii Ytterby, Sweden, sɛ “yttrotantalite” wɔ 1802 mu afei Germanni nnuruyɛfo Rudolf Hermann kaa ho asɛm sɛ “yttroilmenite” wɔ 1846 mu ; Abusuabɔ a ɛda samarskite ntam a Gustav Rose hui wɔ 1847 mu; IMA na ɛsesaa din wɔ afe 2022 mu

2. Ishikawaite : Yuji Shibata ne Kenjiro Kimura na wodii kan kaa ho asɛm fii Ishikawa Mantam mu, Japan, wɔ 1922 mu sɛ ɛyɛ aboɔden abo a uranium pii wom, a REE nnim a ne nsusuwii yɛ YNbO4; Wɔsan kyerɛkyerɛɛ mu wɔ afe 1999 mu denam nsusuwii (U,Fe)NbO4 so

3. Calciosamarskite : Hardy Vincent Ellsworth a ɔwɔ Canada Geological Survey na odii kan kaa ho asɛm fii Ontario, Canada, wɔ 1928 mu sɛ samarskite ahorow a calcium wom

4. Srilankite : Alexander Willgallis, Eveline Siegmann, ne Theja Hettiaratchi na wodii kan kaa ho asɛm fii Rakwana, Sri Lanka, wɔ 1983 mu

5. Samarskite-(Yb) : Wɔdii kan kaa ho asɛm firii Colorado, U.S.A., wɔ afe 2004 mu denam Sarah L. Hanson ne ne mfɛfoɔ so.

6. Shakhdaraite-(Y) : Wɔdii kan hyɛɛ nyansa sɛ IMA wɔ afe 2020 mu & wɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu wɔ afe 2022 mu denam Pautov ne ne mfɛfoɔ so. ama nhwɛsode ahorow a efi Shakhdara Asubɔnten a ɛwɔ Tajikistan mu

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Samarskite-(Yb) nhwɛsode | Mfonini no fi: Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry, Ɔmanfo de

Samarskite Ayaresa Nneɛma

Sɛ́ ɔbo a wɔde sa yare a ɛyɛ tuntum titiriw no , nea samarskite kyerɛ no da sɛnea aboɔden abo tuntum afoforo gyina fam na ɛbɔ ho ban no adi . Wobetumi de adi dwuma sɛ ntini (gyinabea) chakra ɔbo .

Wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no, Germanni-Amerikani oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ homeopathy Oduruyɛfo Cyrus Maxwell Boger kamfoo samarskite kyerɛe wɔ homeopathy mu de sa:

• Vertigo a ɛma obi ho kyere no

• Nkwammoaa mu nneɛma a ɛsakra brɛoo

• Menewa mu ɔfe

• Nsu a wɔtow boro so

• Hemophilia a ɛma mogya tu

Wɔ nnuruyɛ a mfaso wɔ so mu no, wɔde samarium di dwuma ma nnuru bi a wɔde sa wɔn a wɔwɔ kokoram.

Samarskite Aboɔden abo Nneɛma a Ɛwɔ Hɔ

Esiane sɛ samarskite aboɔden abo ho yɛ na koraa nti, enni gyinapɛn a wɔde hyɛ mu. Yɛbɛda so ara akɔ sɛnea ebia agyapade a wɔtaa de di dwuma no fa samarskite bo ho:

• Kɔla : Samarskite taa yɛ tuntum kosi bruu, ɛtɔ mmere bi a ne soro yɛ kɔkɔɔ-biribiri esiane metamictization nti. Wɔhwehwɛ nhwɛsode tuntum a ɛte sɛ velvet wɔ ɔkwan bi so.

• Twitwa : Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wotwitwa samarskite mu yɛ no cabochons anaasɛ wɔyɛ no faceted te sɛ aboɔden abo tuntum te sɛ jet . Mpɛn pii no, wɔtɔn no rough (uncut).

• Nneɛma a ɛda adi : Samarskite nhwɛsode dodow no ara yɛ nea wontumi nhu, nanso ebia asinasin a ɛyɛ tratraa a ɛda adi pefee no som bo kɛse.

• Size : Samarskite nneɛma akɛse betumi ama cabochons akɛse a ɛnyɛ hann aba.

Sɛ yɛreka nnipadɔm ho asɛm a, ɔkwan bɛn so na samarskite yɛ?

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Samarskite nhwɛsode ahorow a efi Canada | Mfonini no fi: Pacific Asase Tete Nneɛma Akorae a efi Canada, CC-BY-SA-2.0

Samarskite Formation & Nneɛma a Wɔde Yɛ Adwuma

Samarskite aboɔden abo no ba wɔ pegmatites a asase a wɔn ho yɛ na wom mu. Sɛnea ɛte no, wɔtaa hu wɔn ne aboɔden abo afoforo a wɔntaa nhu.

Aboɔden abo a wɔtaa de bata ho no bi ne:

• Aeschynite a wɔfrɛ no aeschynite

• Albite na ɔkyerɛwee

• Beryl na ɔkyerɛwee

• Biotite a wɔfrɛ no biotite

• Columbite na ɔkyerɛwee

• Garnet a wɔfrɛ no Garnet

• Magnetite a wɔde yɛ adwuma

• Monazifo a wɔyɛ

• Muscovitefo na wɔte saa

• Tantalite a wɔde di dwuma

• Topaz a wɔfrɛ no topaz

• Uraninite a wɔde yɛ nneɛma

• Zircon na ɔkyerɛwee

Wɔ asase ho nsɛm mu no, ɛhe na wohu samarskite?

Mmeae a Wɔtu Tuo

Wonim Samarskite-(Yb) fi Colorado ne Montana, U.S.A. nkutoo. Samarskite-(Y) fibea a ɛwɔ soro ne Connecticut, U.S.A.

Nneɛma afoforo a ɛda nsow a wonya samarskite-(Y) ne:

• Brazil

• India

• Japan

• Madagascar

• Norway

• Russia

• Zaire

• U.S.A. (Arizona, California, Connecticut, Carolina Atifi fam, Virginia)

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Samarskite a wɔayɛ no ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ nwonwa a efi San Diego; Chuck Houser ne Leo Horensky Nneɛma a Wɔaboaboa Ano | Mfonini no fi: Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com – CC-BY-SA-3.0

Samarskite Bo & Ne Bo

Faceted samarskite aboɔden abo bɛyɛ $30 kosi $40 wɔ carat biara mu anaasɛ bɛyɛ $80 kosi $100 nyinaa.

Samarskite a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no fi dɔla 10 kosi dɔla 350, na ne fã kɛse no ara gyina sɛnea nhwɛsode no kɛse te so.

Wɔ samarium nkutoo ho no, ne bo bɛyɛ dɔla 5 wɔ gram biara mu ($1 wɔ carat biara mu).

Samarskite Hwɛ ne Nsiesiei

Nea edi kan koraa: samarskite minerals taa yɛ radioactive esiane ne efĩ nti.

Radioactivity dodow gyina nhwɛsode no so. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wode ahwɛyiye a ɛsen biara di wɔn ho dwuma. Di yɛn ahobammɔ ho afotu a ɛfa sɛnea wobedi aboɔden abo a radioactive ho dwuma ho akyi .

Sɛ wopɛ aboɔden abo hwɛ , fa samarskite nkutoo sie ma wɔde kyerɛ. Fa sie ade a wɔato mu a ɛsono emu biara wɔ nneɛma afoforo ho mu.

Wɔtɔn wɔ Samarskite Abo so?

Samarskite yɛ aboɔden abo a wonnim no pii, nanso ɛsom bo ahyɛ mu ma wɔ nneɛma foforo, nneɛma a ɛho yɛ na, ne abakɔsɛm a ɛyɛ fɛ mu! Sɛ wɔyɛ ahwɛyiye a ɛfata a, samarskite bɛyɛ ade a ɛyɛ nwonwa a wɔde bɛka aboɔden abo biara a wɔaboaboa ano ho!

Kɔtɔ samarskite ne aboɔden abo soronko afoforo nnɛ!