Phosgenite Gemstone: Nneɛma, Nkyerɛase, Botae & Nea Ɛkeka Ho

Phosgenite yɛ aboɔden abo a wonnim no kɛse, a wɔntaa nhu sɛ ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ bruu a ɛyɛ mmerɛw anaasɛ enni kɔla. Wonim ɔbo no kɛse wɔ wɔn a wɔboaboa nneɛma ano a wɔhwehwɛ phosgenites a ɛwɔ afã horow a wɔntaa nhu ne ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ den a ɛyɛ den no mu.

Phosgenite nneɛma a ɛda nsow no bi? Crystal symmetry soronko, diamond -te sɛ hyerɛn, ne tete nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma a ɛyɛ anigye.

Nea ɛyɛ awerɛhow no, phosgenite a ɛpaapae, ɛho yɛ na, ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den a ɛba fam na ɛsakra no ma aboɔden abo a ɛwɔ afã horow no ho yɛ na.

Nanso, ɛno nkyerɛ sɛ phosgenite nni biribiara a ɛde ma. Yɛn a yɛwɔ ha wɔ Gem Rock Auctions no asua wɔ mfe du du a yɛde ayɛ adwuma no mu sɛ aboɔden abo biara nni hɔ a ɛfata sɛ yebu yɛn ani gu so.

Ɛnnɛ, yɛbɛkyɛ yɛn nimdeɛ de ahyɛ wo ma wɔ nneɛma nyinaa phosgenite, efi ne mineral ne aboɔden abo ahoɔden so kosi n’abakɔsɛm, ne bo, ne nea ɛkeka ho!

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Phosgenite ahwehwɛ a ɛsõ kakra, ɛyɛ den, na ɛyɛ aboɔden abo a efi Italy | Mfonini no fi: Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com – CC-BY-SA-3.0

Ɛfa Phosgenite Abo ho

Phosgenite yɛ aboɔden abo a ɛho yɛ na a ɛsom bo fã bi a wohu a enni kɔla anaasɛ ɛyɛ fitaa, pink, bruu, kɔkɔɔ, anaa ahabammono a ɛyɛ mmerɛw.

Kan no na wɔde din ahorow frɛ ɔbo no:

• Corneous Lead / Corneous Kɔbere Ore

• Abɛn a Ɛyɛ Kɔbere

• Galenoceratite a wɔde yɛ aduru

• Kerasine a wɔde di dwuma

• Kɔbere a wɔde yɛ chlorocarbonate

• Kɔbere murio-carbonate a wɔde yɛ nneɛma

• Cromfordite a wɔde yɛ adwuma

Saa din ahorow yi mu pii ka sɛ ɛte sɛ abɛn, a na ɛfa phosgenite a ɛyɛ sectile ne flexible tenacity ho.

Wobetumi atwitwa nneɛma a wɔde sectile ayɛ no mmerɛw ma ayɛ no nsensanee a ɛyɛ tratraa; wɔbɔ nneɛma a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛnsɛe, afei ɛkɔ so kotow. Phosgenite a wɔabɔ no akuturuku anaa nea wɔatwitwa no yɛ kurukuruwa te sɛ abɛn.

Phosgenite a Wɔde Di Dwuma

Ɛnnɛ, phosgenite minerals nni mfaso pii wɔ mfiridwuma mu. Nanso, wɔayɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ phosgenite a wɔayɛ mu de ayɛ nkyerɛase foforo (te sɛ bromine analogue a wɔayɛ) ne sɛnea wɔde phosgenite a wɔayɛ no dii dwuma bere bi a atwam no ho adesua.

Nea ɛda nsow sen biara no, nhwehwɛmufo ahu phosgenite a wɔayɛ wɔ tete nneɛma a wɔde yɛ ahosiesie a efi Egypt ne China mu.

Yɛbɛka eyi ho asɛm kɛse wɔ Phosgenite Abakɔsɛm ɔfã no mu, nanso nhwehwɛmu no yɛɛ nea ɛho hia wɔ adanse a ɛkyerɛ sɛ tete nnuruyɛ ho akwan horow no kɔ anim sen sɛnea nyansahufo susuw kan no.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Phosgenite nhwɛsode a efi British Museum of Natural History nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano | Mfonini no fi: Rock Currier, CC-BY-SA-3.0

Phosgenite Nkyerɛkyerɛmu & Su ahorow

Phosgenite yɛ kɔbere carbonate chloride (anaasɛ “chlorocarbonate”) a ne nsusuwii yɛ Pb2CO3Cl2. Phosgenite molecule mu duru yɛ 545.315 gm.

Phosgenite ahwehwɛ a ɛne ne ho hyia no yɛ soronko. Ɛyɛ tetragonal ne trapezohedral (anim 8 a ɛyɛ trapezohedral), nanso enni mfinimfini a ɛyɛ symmetry anaa ahwehwɛ wimhyɛn ahorow.

Wɔ suban ho no, phosgenite ahwehwɛ taa yɛ prismatic. Ahwehwɛ no nso betumi ayɛ nea ɛte sɛ pon na ɛyɛ den anaasɛ ɛyɛ teateaa, nanso eyinom ho yɛ na.

Phosgenite anim a ɛyɛ ahwehwɛ no taa yɛ nea ɛhyerɛn na ɛyɛ torotoro a nsensanee a ɛda hɔ gyina hɔ. Ahwehwɛ binom wɔ n’awiei a ɛyɛ nsensanee. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, phosgenite ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ helical (te sɛ helix) a twitwiw wɔ titiriw anaa tetrad axis no so na ɛba.

Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ foforo no, phosgenite betumi aba wɔ suban akɛse anaa granular mu.

Phosgenite a ɛyɛ den no yɛ sectile dodow no ara, nanso ɛyɛ mmerɛw wɔ akwan horow a ɛteɛteɛ [001] so. Mfiri a wɔde sesa (bending ne tra bent) betumi ama mineral a ɛtaa yɛ uniaxial (+) no ayɛ te sɛ nea ɛyɛ biaxial a ɛyɛ mmerɛw.

Phosgenite su ahorow a wɔabobɔ din:

• Mohs hardness : 2-3, ɛsono sɛnea ɛkyerɛ kwan; Hardness a ɛwɔ {110} so no ne [001] nhyia kɛse sen sɛ ɛne [001] hyia.

• Kɔla : Kɔla : Enni kɔla, fitaa, kɔkɔɔ, bruu-kɔla, bruu, ahabammono, pink, pinkish-kɔla, violet, violet-grey, grey

• Ahwehwɛ nhyehyɛe : Tetragonal

• Luster : Adamantine, vitreous, sub-adamantine, anaasɛ srade

• Transparency : Ɛyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee kosi nea ɛda adi pefee

• Nneɛma a ɛma nneɛma yɛ mmerɛw : 2.114-2.145

• Nnipa dodow : 6.12-6.15

• Cleavage : Ɛda nsow/Eye wɔ {001} ne {110} so, Ɛnyɛ nea ɛda nsow wɔ {100} so.

• Akisikuru : Conchoidal

• Streak : Ɛyɛ fitaa

• Luminescence : Mpɛn pii no fluorescence - Kɔkɔɔ anaa borɔdɔma a ano yɛ den wɔ LW-UV mu (a phosphorescence ka ho); Kɔkɔɔ wɔ SW-UV, X-ray, ne ɛlɛtrɔnik hann (cathode mframa) mu .

• Pleochroism : Ɛwɔ hɔ nanso ɛyɛ mmerɛw kosi mmerɛw yiye - ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ na ɛyɛ ahabammono wɔ afã horow a ɛyɛ den mu

• Nsonsonoe abien : 0.026-0.028

• Apete : Ɛyɛ den

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Tete kɔbere kuku (A) mfonini a phosgenite a wɔayɛ a wohu wɔ | Mfonini no fi: Nature, Recipes of Ancient Egyptian kohls a egu ahorow sen sɛnea na wosusuw kan no

Phosgenite Abakɔsɛm

Mfiase no wohuu phosphgenite wɔ 1800 mu wɔ kɔbere a wotu wɔ Cromford wɔ England, UK, a mprempren ɛyɛ type locality no mu.

Edin “phosgenite” no fi Germanni aboɔden abo ho ɔbenfo & ɔbenfo August Breithaupt hɔ wɔ 1841 mu.

Breithaupt paw edin no (mfiase no na wɔfrɛ no phosgen-spath wɔ 1832 mu) a wɔde too ɔkraman aduru “phosgene,” carbon oxychloride (anaa carbonyl dichloride) a ne nsusuwii ne COCl2, efisɛ chlorine, carbon, ne oxygen wɔ aboɔden abo no mu.

Nneɛma afoforo a wɔka faa aboɔden abo a ɛwɔ din ahorow ho ne:

1. Horn Lead : Sɛ́ hornblei wɔ German kasa mu, efi Germanni aboɔden abo ho ɔbenfo Dietrich Ludwig Gustav Karsten hɔ wɔ 1800 mu

2. Hydrochloric Acid Kɔbere Ore / Kɔbere Chlorocarbonate : Sɛnea salzsaures bleierz wɔ German kasa mu; Efi Germanni nnuruyɛfo Martin Heinrich Klaproth hɔ wɔ 1802 mu

3. Corneous Lead / Corneous Lead Ore : Efi Scotlandni abɔde ho nimdefo & aboɔden abo ho ɔbenfo Robert Jameson hɔ wɔ 1804 mu; Hyɛ no nsow: “Corneous” kyerɛ nea ɛte sɛ abɛn

4. Kerasine : Efi Franseni aboɔden abo ho nimdefo & asase ho nimdefo François Sulpice Beudant hɔ wɔ 1832 mu

5. Galenoceratite : Wɔ galena , kɔbere sulfide, ne ceratite , a ɛkyerɛ abɛn; Efi Germanni aboɔden abo ho nimdefo, asase ho nimdefo & tetefo nneɛma ho ɔbenfo Ernst Friedrich Glocker hɔ wɔ 1847 mu

6. Cromfordite : Sɛ wopɛ beae a wobehu wɔ Cromford, England; Efi Britania nyansahufo Robert Philips Greg ne William Garrow Lettsom hɔ wɔ 1858 mu

Nanso, phosgenite a wɔayɛ no san kɔ akyiri mpo.

Phosgenite a Wɔayɛ no Fi Tete

Phosgenite a wɔyɛ no fi mfehaha pii a atwam ni.

Wɔ 1948 mu no, wɔde nea edi kan a wohuu no mae: tete phosgenite a wohuu wɔ tete kɔbere kuku bi mu wɔ Wookey Hole, UK.

Philippe Walter ne Fransefo nhwehwɛmufo afoforo a wɔwɔ Louvre Tete Nneɛma Akorae tintim nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ tete Misrifo kohl aniwa aduru a wɔde yɛ aduru a efi afe 2000 kosi 1200 A.Y.B.

Fransefo nhwehwɛmufo (ne akyiri yi, radiocarbon dating) de baa awiei sɛ ɛbɛyɛ sɛ Misrifo na wɔyɛɛ phosgenite (ne laurionite) a ɛwɔ powder ahorow no mu.

Sɛnea Britania nnuruyɛfo Steve Plant kyerɛ wɔ afe 2014 mu no, tete Misrifo nso de phosgenite a wɔayɛ no yɛɛ nnuru de sa honam ani ne aniwa mu haw ahorow.

Phosgenite Ayaresa Nneɛma

Sɛ́ ɔbo a ɛtaa yɛ bruu a ɛsa yare no , phosgenite wɔ fam na ɛbɔ ho ban te sɛ aboɔden abo afoforo a ɛyɛ bruu . Ɛsan nso yɛ ntini (base) chakra ɔbo .

Nneɛma afoforo a wɔkyerɛ sɛ phosgenite sa yare no bi ne:

• N’ankasa ho nimdeɛ a wɔbɛma akɔ soro

• Adwennwen & dadwen a ɛso tew

• Nkae ho haw ahorow te sɛ adwenemhaw a wɔbɛsa

• Amemene mu dwumadi a wɔkanyan ma wɔde wɔn adwene si so kɛse na wodi ɔhaw ahorow ho dwuma

• Agyinatu ne anidaso a wɔhyɛ ho nkuran

• Adwene mu ntease a wɔde ma

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Phosgenite ahwehwɛ a emu da hɔ a efi Greece; Christian Rewitzer nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano | Mfonini no fi: Christian Rewitzer, CC-BY-SA-3.0

Phosgenite Aboɔden Aboɔ Nneɛma a Ɛwɔ Hɔ

Sɛ wɔn ho yɛ na da nkyɛn a, phosgenite aboɔden abo boɔ nso gyina kɔla, ntwitwiridii, pefeeyɛ, nea ɛda adi pefee, ne carat mu duru so.

Ahosuo

Phosgenite ahwehwɛ dodow no ara yɛ fitaa kosi fitaa, na phosgenite a ɛwɔ afã horow no taa yɛ kɔkɔɔ-biribiri. Nneɛma a ɛntaa nsi te sɛ ahabammono, pink, anaa violet betumi ayɛ nea ɛsom bo kɛse.

Nnuan a ɛyɛ mmerɛw abu so, na ɛma wɔhwehwɛ kɔla biara a ɛyɛ fɛ kɛse.

Phosgenite a ɛwɔ UV hann mu a ɛda fluorescence kɔkɔɔ a emu yɛ den adi nso betumi ayɛ nea ɛsom bo kɛse.

Twa

Sɛ nneɛma a wɔde hwɛ anim a ɛho yɛ na da nkyɛn a, phosgenite akwan horow pii a ɛma ɛpaapae, Mohs a ɛyɛ den a ɛba fam , ne sɛnea ɛyɛ den sɛ ɛyɛ den no ma ɛyɛ den sɛ wobetwitwa ɔbo no.

Sɛnea ɛte no, faceted phosgenites yɛ nneɛma a wɔntaa nhu, a ɛsom bo.

Wɔtaa twitwa phosphgenite ma ɛyɛ cabochons . Mpɛn pii no, phosgenite a wɔtɔn no yɛ mmerɛw (wɔntwitwaa).

Nsɛm a ɛda adi pefee & Nsɛm a ɛda adi pefee

Nsɛm a emu da hɔ kyerɛkyerɛ sɛnea nneɛma a wotumi hu ka ɔbo a ɛsom bo ho, a ebetumi ama nea ɛda adi pefee ne ne bo akɔ fam. Phosgenites a ɛwɔ afã horow a wɔde ka ho kɛse mpo so bɛyɛ nea mfaso wɔ so, nanso akwan a wɔfa so tew aniwa ho no som bo kɛse.

Nneɛma a ebetumi aka ho anaasɛ sintɔ ahorow a wotumi hu wɔ phosgenites so ne:

• Ahwehwɛ a enye (sɛ nhwɛso no, anglesite) .

• Zoning a wɔde hyɛ mmeae ahorow

• Polish agyiraehyɛde ahorow

Nneɛma a ɛda adi kɛse nso ma phosgenite bo kɔ soro.

Carat Mu duru & Ne Kɛse

Phosgenites a ɛwɔ afã horow no ntaa ntra carat 2. Wubetumi anya nea wɔntaa nhu a wɔtɔn a ɛkɔ soro kodu carat 10, ne nea wɔboaboa ano a ɛkɔ soro kodu carat 37.66.

Phosgenite ahwehwɛ a ɛsõ sen biara no fi Tasmania ne Italy, a phosgenite ahwehwɛ a ɛsõ sen biara a wonim (Italia kasa) a wɔde akyerɛ wɔ Rice Museum a ɛwɔ Oregon, U.S.A. ka ho.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Phosgenite ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ soronko koraa a efi Italy a ɛyɛ nwonwa a wɔayɛ nanso edi mũ atwa ho ahyia a matrix nketenkete a ɛka ho, soronko gemmy mu | Mfonini no fi: Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com – CC-BY-SA-3.0

Phosgenite a Wɔyɛ & Nea Ɛfi Hɔ

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔyɛ phosgenite? Phosgenite yɛ aboɔden abo a ɛto so abien, na ɛtaa ba bere a galena kɔ oxidation mu no. Ɛsan nso ba bere a kɔbere mu nneɛma atitiriw afoforo ne ɛpo mu nsu anaa chlorine fibea ahorow yɛ adwuma no.

Wɔtaa hu aboɔden abo no wɔ kɔbere a ɛwɔ nsu mu a ɛyɛ hyew mu, titiriw mmeae a ɛwɔ soro anaa mmeae a ɛpo mu nsu aka no.

Ɛnyɛ den sɛ phosphgenite betumi asesa ayɛ cerussite ; wɔtaa hu sɛ wɔde cerussite asi ananmu fã bi.

Wɔ asase ho nsɛm mu no, ɛhe na wohu phosgenite?

Mmeae a Wɔtu Tuo

Faako a eye sen biara a wobetumi anya phosgenite aboɔden abo ne Sardinia, Italy. Morocco ne Namibia nso yɛ ahwehwɛ a ɛte sɛ anim.

Phosgenite fibea afoforo a ɛfata sɛ yɛhyɛ no nsow ne:

Australia

Greece na ɛwɔ hɔ

Mexico

Poland

Russia

Siberia na ɛwɔ hɔ

Tasmania na ɛwɔ hɔ

Tunisia na ɛwɔ hɔ

UK (England) .

U.S.A. (Arizona, California, Colorado, Massachusetts, New Mexico) .

Nneɛma bo bɛn na wubetumi ahwɛ kwan wɔ phosgenite aboɔden abo ho?

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Phosgenite ahwehwɛ a ano yɛ nnam na ɛyɛ aboɔden abo kɛse a efi Italy a ɛhyerɛn te sɛ ahwehwɛ na ɛwɔ kɔla a ɛyɛ hare a ɛyɛ amber | Mfonini no fi: Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com – CC-BY-SA-3.0

Phosgenite Bo & Ne Bo

Phosgenite a ɛho yɛ na no da adi wɔ ne bo mu, titiriw wɔ aboɔden abo a wɔatwitwa ho.

Mpɛn pii no, aboɔden abo a wɔfrɛ no phosgenite a ɛwɔ afã horow no yɛ bɛyɛ dɔla 20 kosi 270 wɔ carat biara mu anaasɛ ne nyinaa yɛ bɛyɛ dɔla 75 kosi 1,200.

Phosgenite cabochons bo bɛyɛ dɔla 200 kosi 300 wɔ carat biara mu anaasɛ ne nyinaa yɛ dɔla 330 kosi 430.

Phosgenite a ɛyɛ den bo gu ahorow sen biara. Nneɛma a ne bo yɛ den sen biara ne ahwehwɛ akuwakuw akɛse a ɛda adi pefee, a ne bo yɛ dɔla 375 kosi dɔla 6,000.

Phosgenite ahwehwɛ nketewa ne nea wɔde yɛ nhwɛso no bo yɛ dɔla 40 kosi 200.

Phosgenite Hwɛ ne Nsiesiei

Aboɔden abo a wɔhwɛ so yiye ho hia na ama wo ne wo phosgenite no nyinaa anyɛ hwee.

Kɔbere wɔ phosphgenite mu, na ɛyɛ awuduru sɛ wobɛwe anaasɛ wobɛhome. Sɛnea ɛyɛ mmerɛw no ma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobɛhome kɔbere a efi nhama a asɛe mu no.

Asiane no wɔ hɔ kɛse ma lapidarists (wɔn a wotwitwa aboɔden abo), a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ahobammɔ ho nhyehyɛe foforo denam akataso a wɔbɛhyɛ na wɔde nsu a wɔde twitwa phosgenite so.

Wɔ aboɔden abo atɔfo fam no, di phosgenite ho dwuma yiye na hohoro wo nsa akyi.

Fa phosgenite sie ade a wɔato mu mu a obiara a ebia ɔde bɛhyɛ wɔn anom, te sɛ mmofra anaa afieboa ntumi nkɔ hɔ.

Kenkan yɛn ahobammɔ ho afotu a ɛfa sɛnea wodi aboɔden abo ne aboɔden abo a awuduru wom ho dwuma ho na woanya akwankyerɛ pii.

Phosgenite bɛporɔw nkakrankakra wɔ nsuonwini mu na apete wɔ nitric acid a ɛyɛ mmerɛw mu. Ma ɛntra baabiara fi abien no nyinaa ho.

Fa ntama a ɛyɛ mmerɛw na microfiber tew phosgenite ho brɛoo yiye. Fa phosgenite ntwe ne ho mfi aboɔden abo afoforo ho na amma ansɛe.

Woasiesie Wo Ho sɛ Wobɛpaw Phosgenite no ama Wo?

Phosgenite yɛ aboɔden abo a wɔntaa nhu a ahintasɛm a ahintaw wom, efi kɔla ahorow a ɛnyɛ anifere so kosi tete adebɔ ne ahwehwɛ nsusuwii a wɔakyinkyim mpo so!

Sɛ́ ebia woyɛ obi a ɔboaboa nneɛma ano anaasɛ obi a wopɛ aboɔden abo ara kwa no, yɛhyɛ nyansa kɛse sɛ susuw ahoɔfɛ a ɛntaa nsi yi ho ma wo nneɛma a woaboaboa ano no.

Kɔtɔ phosgenite ne aboɔden abo soronko afoforo fi yɛn aboɔden abo a yɛaboaboa ano kɛse no mu nnɛ!