Pentlandite Aboɔden abo: Nneɛma, Nkyerɛase, Botae & Nea Ɛkeka Ho

Pentlandite yɛ aboɔden abo ankorankoro ne aboɔden abo kuw bi a ɛwɔ su a ɛte saa ara. Wonim no sɛ ɛyɛ nickel sulfide a abu so sen biara wɔ Asase so, nanso ɛyɛ ahunmu ɔbo nso , a wɔahu wɔ meteorites du du pii mu , okyinnsoromma ketewa bi, okyinnsoromma ketewa bi mu, ne ɔsram so mpo!

So pentlandite ho yɛ na? Aboɔden abo a ɛwɔ pentlandite kuw no mu nyinaa ho yɛ na kakra. Wɔntaa nhu pentlandite wɔ ahwehwɛ mu, na pentlandite aboɔden abo ho yɛ na koraa.

Esiane sɛ pentlandite kɔla yɛ dade a ɛyɛ kɔbere kɔkɔɔ nti, ɛte sɛ pyrite . Nokwarem no, wosusuwii sɛ ɛyɛ pyrite ahorow bi bere a wodii kan huu no. Enti, nsonsonoe bɛn na ɛda pyrite ne pentlandite ntam?

Wɔtaa hu wɔn sɛ wɔbom, nanso pyrite nni pentlandite mu mpaapaemu a ɛda adi pefee, ɛnsɛe ntɛmntɛm te sɛ pentlandite, na ɛwɔ nsensanee a ɛyɛ bruu-tuntum mmom sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ nsensanee a ɛyɛ fitaa-tuntum te sɛ pentlandite.

Ɛnnɛ, yɛbɛka pentlandite mineral data ne ne ahodoɔ nyinaa ho asɛm, ne ne boɔ, abakɔsɛm, aboɔden aboɔ ahodoɔ ne nea ɛkeka ho!

Mfonini no fi: John Sobolewski, CC-BY-SA-3.0

Ɛfa Pentlandite Ɔbo ho

Pentlandite yɛ aboɔden abo a ɛho yɛ na a ne bo yɛ fã bi a wɔde din ahorow frɛ no:

• Folgerite a ɔkyerɛwee

• Horbachite a wɔde yɛ nneɛma

• Lillhammerite / Lillehammeritefoɔ a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ

• Nicopyrite a wɔde yɛ aduru

“Folgerite” hyɛ U.S. Po so Asraafo Panyin William M. Folger anuonyam wɔ n’adwene foforo a ɔde nya nikel-dade a wɔde bedi dwuma wɔ asraafo mu no ho.

Wɔde “Horbachite” dii dwuma maa pentlandite a wim tebea asɛe no fã bi a wodii kan huu wɔ Horbach, Germany. “Lillhammerite” anaa “Lillehammerite” fi pentlandite a wohu wɔ Lillehammer a wotu wɔ Norway no mu.

Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ “Nicopyrite” fi mfiase (a ɛnteɛ) nsusuwii a ɛne sɛ na pentlandite yɛ pyrite ahorow no mu.

Wɔ mfiridwuma mu no, dɛn na wɔde pentlandite di dwuma?

Pentlandite a Wɔde Di Dwuma

Pentlandite ho hia kɛse wɔ mfiridwuma mu sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ aboɔden abo, nanso dɛn ne hia a pentlandite ho hia?

Nea edi kan koraa no, pentlandite ore ne nikel fibea titiriw. Mpɛn pii no, wɔde pyrrhotite , a ɛyɛ nikel fibea foforo na etu.

Nneɛma atitiriw a wɔde nikel di dwuma nnɛ ne:

• Alloys (sɛ nhwɛso no, dade a ɛnyɛ den) — ma corrosion- ne ɔhyew-resistance kɔ soro

• Sika (sɛ nhwɛso no, U.S. sika nyinaa a penny no nka ho, a nikel no ka ho, nokwarem no)

• Batere a wotumi de hyɛ mu bio — wɔde di dwuma wɔ laptop, kar a anyinam ahoɔden wom, ne nnwinnade a anyinam ahoɔden wom mu

• Plating (sɛ nhwɛso no faucets ne kar afã horow) — atwetwe wie ne nkɔanim corrosion-resistance

Bio nso, wɔasua pentlandite ho ade sɛ ade a wɔde yɛ (titiriw slag a dade a efi pentlandite ne chalcopyrite) mu wom a wɔde yɛ carbon dade. Nyansahufo nso ayɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ heap leaching (ɔkwan a wɔfa so yi aboɔden abo a wɔde nnuru yɛ adwuma) a ɛwɔ pentlandite a pyrrhotite pii wom mu, na wɔahu sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wodi kan tew pyrrhotite no mu.

Wɔyɛɛ abɔdeɛ ne abɔdeɛ mu pentlandite abotan ho nhwehwɛmu wɔ afe 2016 mu sɛ electrocatalysts a ɛtra hɔ daa a wɔde yɛ hydrogen.

Mfonini no fi John Sobolewski (JSS)

Pentlandite Nkyerɛkyerɛmu & Su ahorow

Sɛ́ dade nikel sulfide no, pentlandite no nsusuwii ne (Fe,Ni)9S8 anaa (Ni,Fe)9S8. Wɔtaa de dade ne nikel nsusuwii ma sɛ 1:1, nanso pentlandite ahorow bi yɛ nea nikel na ɛdɔɔso bere a afoforo nso yɛ nea dade na ɛdɔɔso. Pyrrhotite a wɔde ka ho nso betumi aka nsusuwii no. Efĩ afoforo a ɛtaa ba ne kobalt, dwetɛ, anaa kɔbere.

Pentlandite kuw no ka aboɔden abo a ɛwɔ nneɛma ne ne nhyehyɛe te sɛ pentlandite ho. Kuw no mufo bi ne:

• Argentopentlandite (dwetɛ dade nikel sulfide) .

• Cobalt pentlandite (cobalt sulfide, mpɛn pii no wɔde nikel ne dade nketenkete si ananmu) .

• Geffroyite (dwetɛ, kɔbere, dade selenium sulfide) .

• Shadlunite (kɔbere cadmium kɔbere dade sulfide, a mpɛn pii no wɔde manganese ka ho) .

• Oberthürite (aduru a wɔde yɛ aduru a wɔfrɛ no rhodium nikel sulfide) .

• Sugakite (kɔbere dade nikel sulfide) .

Ne nyinaa yɛ isometric gye tetragonal sugakite no. Cobalt pentlandite ne pentlandite yɛ nneɛma a ɛtoatoa so.

Pentlandite nhwɛsode dodow no ara yɛ akɛse kosi granular aggregates, na pentlandite nso taa ba sɛ granular nkabom nketewa a ɛwɔ ntini a ɛyɛ tratraa anaa “ogya” nsusuwii. Pentlandite ahwehwɛ yɛ hexoctahedral nanso ɛho yɛ na koraa.

So pentlandite yɛ magnetic? Sɛ ɛyɛ hyew nkutoo a, ɛbɛyɛ magnetic.

Wobɛyɛ Dɛn Ahu Pentlandite?

Sɛ wohwɛ no nea edi kan a, ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobebu pentlandite sɛ ɛyɛ sulfide mineral afoforo a ɛwɔ kɔla kɔkɔɔ a ɛte saa ara ne dade a ɛhyerɛn.

Aboɔden abo a wɔtaa de fra pentlandite no bi ne pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, ne millerite . Nneɛma a ɛda nsow no bi ne:

Kɔla : Pentlandite kɔla taa yɛ mmerɛw sen eyinom nyinaa.

Magnetism : Chalcopyrite ne pyrrhotite yɛ magnetic. Pyrite yɛ magnetic a ɛyɛ mmerɛw yiye na millerite yɛ magnetic bere a wɔayɛ no hyew nkutoo (te sɛ pentlandite.)

Streak : Ntrɛwmu kɔla no nyinaa yɛ soronko kakra: chalcopyrite ne millerite yɛ ahabammono-tuntum, pyrite yɛ bruu-tuntum, pyrrhotite yɛ tuntum a ɛyɛ tuntum kosi tuntum. Nanso, pentlandite nsensanee no betumi ayɛ kɔbere-biribiri a ɛyɛ mmerɛw anaasɛ ahabammono-tuntum.

Ɛno nyinaa wɔ w’adwenem no, ebia wubehia nnuru anaa aniwa mu nhwehwɛmu na ama woahu no yiye.

Pentlandite agyapade a wɔakyerɛw:

• Mohs denden : 3.5-4

• Kɔla : Kɔbere kɔkɔɔ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw; Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, kɔbere anaa bruu; Ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ-biribiri bere a dwetɛ-so

• Ahwehwɛ nhyehyɛe : Isometric (cubic) .

• Luster : Ɛyɛ dade

• Nneɛma a ɛda adi pefee : Opaque

• Refractive index : Biara nni hɔ

• Nnipa dodow : 4.6-5.0

• Cleavage : Biara nni hɔ; Octahedral mpaapaemu wɔ {111} so.

• Akisikuru : Conchoidal

• Streak : Kɔbere-biribiri a ɛyɛ mmerɛw anaasɛ ahabammono-tuntum

• Luminescence : Biara nni hɔ

• Pleochroism : Biara nni hɔ

• Birefringence : Biara nni hɔ

• Apete : Biara nni hɔ

Pentlandite ahorow ahorow

Sɛ argentopentlandite ne cobalt pentlandite da nkyɛn a, pentlandite ahorow kakraa bi wɔ hɔ a egyina efĩ so:

• Pentlandite a ɛwɔ palladium : Mpɛn pii no, na palladium bɛyɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem 0.17, nanso nea ɛsen biara no wɔ palladium ɔha biara mu nkyem 11.26

• Pentlandite a ɛwɔ Rhodian : Rodium na ɛwɔ mu

Momma yɛnkɔ pentlandite bere a atwam no so!

Mfonini no: Mfonini: Reinhard Kraasch , Tumi krataa: CC-BY-SA 4.0 DE

Pentlandite Abakɔsɛm

Ɔmanpanyin a edi kan a ɔkyerɛw too hɔ sɛ wohuu pentlandite no sii wɔ Sudbury kurow a ɛwɔ Ontario, Canada no mu. Irelandni nyansahufo, asase ho nimdefo, ne akwantufo Joseph Barclay Pentland na ohui saa, na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ bere bi wɔ 1800 mfe no mfiase mu hɔ. Ná Pentland nso yɛ ɔman nanmusifo ne tetefo nneɛma ho ɔbenfo.

Nanso, na pentlandite nyɛ din a edi kan na Sudbury (anaasɛ baabiara wɔ Canada ma saa asɛm no) nyɛ mineral no type locality. Nokwarem no, pentlandite wɔ mmeae ahorow abien na Canada nso nni hɔ. (Hyɛ no nsow: Ebia wɔde aboɔden abo no din bɛhyɛ Pentland anuonyam efisɛ ɔno na odii kan yii nikel fii aboɔden abo no mu.)

Type Localities

Mpɔtam a edi kan a ɛte saa ne Espedalen a wotu fagude a ɛwɔ Innlandet, Norway no. Bɛyɛ 1843 mu no, German-Norwayni nnuruyɛfo, aboɔden abo ho ɔbenfo, ne dade ho ɔbenfo Theodor Scheerer huu “dade-nikel pyrite” foforo wɔ beae yi a nikel bɛyɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem 22 wom. Ɔfrɛɛ no ​​Eisen-Nickelkies , German kasa mu asɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ “dade-nikel abotan.”

Mpɔtam a ɛto so abien a ɛyɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ no ne Craignure mine a ɛwɔ Scotland, UK. Franseni asase ho nimdefo ne aboɔden abo ho ɔbenfo Pierre-Armand Petit-Dufrénoy (a wɔfrɛ no Dufrénoy A.) tintim pentlandite fii saa beae yi wɔ 1856. Dufrénoy susuwii sɛ ɛyɛ pyrite ahorow bi na ɔde Pentland din too ɔbo no so.

Edin foforo a wɔde frɛɛ aboɔden abo no ne “ Lillehammerite ,” a Germanni aboɔden abo ho ɔbenfo Julius Albin Weisbach de mae wɔ 1875 mu bere a ohuu aboɔden abo no wɔ Norway Lillehammer a wotu fam no. Norwayni asase ho nimdefo Johan Herman Lie Vogt kaa Norwayfo fibea foforo a ɛwɔ Lilleålegden, Nordland, ho asɛm wɔ 1892 mu.

IMA Nneɛma a Wosusuw Ho

Ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhyɛ no nsow sɛ Amanaman Ntam Aboɔden abo Fekuw (IMA) gye UK tom (efi Dufrénoy nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɔde mae wɔ 1856 mu) sɛ ɔman a edi kan a wohuu pentlandite.

Nanso, Dufrénoy kae wɔ ne nkyerɛkyerɛmu no mu sɛ: “Wɔhyiraa pyrite ahorow a ɛma wonya nikel foforo yi so maa Owura Pentland nhomanimfo no.” Pentland nso de nhwɛsode ahorow a wɔyɛɛ mu nhwehwɛmu de hwehwɛɛ nkyerɛkyerɛmu ahorow te sɛ Dufrénoy de no mu pii kɔe.

Sɛnea IMA kyerɛ no, wodii kan huu cobaltpentlandite (a mfiase no na wɔfrɛ no “cobalt pentlandite”) wɔ aban kwan so wɔ Finland wɔ 1959 mu, na nea edi kan a argentopentlandite huu wɔ Russia wɔ 1970 mu.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Ɔboɔ a ɛyɛ fɛ a wɔde yɛ nhwɛsoɔ a pentlandite, chalcopyrite, ne pyrrhotite afrafra wom. Ɔhwɛfo Sam Gordon na ɔno ankasa boaboaa ano, wɔ 1932. Ex. Philadelphia Nyansahu Sukuu Nhomakorabea | Mfonini no fie: Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com – CC-BY-SA-3.0

Pentlandite Ayaresa Nneɛma

Sɛ́ ɔbo a ɛyɛ kɔbere kɔkɔɔ a ɛsa yare no , pentlandite wɔ ahotoso ne adebɔ a ɛma obi nya ahoɔden te sɛ aboɔden abo kɔkɔɔ . Ɛsan nso yɛ owia plexus chakra ɔbo .

Wogye di sɛ Pentlandite ma honhom mu nhumu a ɛkorɔn, onyin, ne abusuabɔ yɛ mmerɛw.

Pentlandite Aboɔden aboɔ Agyapadeɛ

Pentlandite aboɔden aboɔ ho yɛ na koraa, enti standard grading ntaa mma, nanso yɛbɛkɔ sɛdeɛ boɔ a ɛtaa ba no fa pentlandite ho:

• Kɔla : Kɔbere kɔkɔɔ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛda nsow, a ɛnyɛ tuntum esiane nsakrae nti no ye sen biara.

• Twitwa : Pentlandite nyɛ afã biara , nanso ebetumi abɛyɛ cabochons . Pentlandite dodow no ara a wɔtɔn no yɛ nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw (wɔntwitwaa).

• Clarity : Esiane sɛ pentlandite yɛ opaque nti, inclusions no ho nhia pii. Wohu sɛ ɛka ho wɔ abo pii mu, a Ghana diamonds bi , emerald , ne Vatomandry rubies ka ho.

• Carat Weight : Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ pentlandite nneɛma akɛse betumi abɛyɛ cabochon a ne kɛse biara nni ho.

Pentlandite binom a wɔde chalcopyrite ne pyrrhotite afrafra no wɔ hwɛbea a ɛyɛ fɛ, kɔla ahorow pii, na eye ma nea wɔboaboa ano no nhwɛsode ahorow.

Onto pentlandite no formation ne mmeae a ɛwɔ!

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Solovskite ne insizwaite a wɔde ahyɛ subanite-pentlandite-chalcopyrite matrix mu wɔ nhwɛsode a wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ mu | Mfonini no fi: David Ayaresabea, CC-BY-SA-4.0

Pentlandite Nkyekyɛmu & Nneɛma a Ɛfiri Hɔ

Mpɛn pii no, pentlandite ba bere a sulfide nwene (a efi silicate nwene a ɛdannan mu ba) no yɛ nwini no. Ɛbɛdan violarite wɔ 70°C mu wɔ adapɛn kakraa bi mu anaasɛ 120°C wɔ nna kakraa bi mu.

Pentlandite dodow no ara wɔ abotan a ɛyɛ ultramafic mu. Wohu no nso wɔ mantle xenoliths, “black smoker” hydrothermal vents a ɛwɔ nsu ase, ne meteorites mu.

Sɛ pyrrhotite a abu so sen biara da nkyɛn a, nneɛma afoforo a ɛtaa ba ne:

• Bravoite na ɔkyerɛwee

• Chalcopyrite a wɔde yɛ nneɛma

• Cubafo

• Milleritefo a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ

• Valleriite na ɔkyerɛwee

• Chromite a wɔfrɛ no chromite

• Ilmenitefo a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ

• Magnetite a wɔde yɛ adwuma

• Sperrylite a wɔde yɛ nneɛma

• Troilite a wɔfrɛ no Troilite

• Mackinawitefoɔ

• Altaite a ɛwɔ hɔ

• Galena na ɔkyerɛwee

• Marcasite a wɔfrɛ no Marcasite

Mmeae a Wɔtu Tuo

Ɛhe na wɔtaa hu pentlandite? Nneɛma a ɛwɔ soro a wonya pentlandite ne:

• Australia

• Canada

• Norway

• Russia

• South Africa

• U.S.A. (Alaska, California, Nevada) .

Wɔahu meteorites dodow no ara a pentlandite wom wɔ Antarctica, Australia, ne USA.

Mfonini no fi: Andrew Silver, Ɔmanfo de

Pentlandite Bo & Ne Bo

Wɔde pentlandite a wotu no mu dodow no ara yɛ aboɔden abo, nanso nhwɛsode ahorow bi som bo ma wɔn a wɔboaboa ano no.

Wɔtaa de aboɔden abo te sɛ pyrrhotite ne braggite fra Pentlandite cabochons. Saa cabochons yi bɛyɛ $100-$150, anaa bɛyɛ $1-$4 wɔ carat biara mu.

Nhwɛsode a eye sen biara no yɛ $150 kosi $450 biara.

Pentlandite Hwɛ ne Nsiesiei

Sɛ wufi ase fi w’ahobammɔ so a, pentlandite a nickel pii wom no ma ɛyɛ awuduru . Mpɛn pii no, ɛbɛma wɔn a wɔn ho yɛ wɔn yaw wɔ nickel ho nkutoo na honam ani ayɛ kurukuruwa, nanso ɛsɛ sɛ lapidaristfo hwɛ yiye wɔ pentlandite mfutuma a wɔbɛhome bere tenten no ho.

Sɛ wopɛ aboɔden abo hwɛ a , fa nsu a ɛyɛ hyew, samina a ɛnyɛ den, ne ntama a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a microfiber tew pentlandite ho. Ma ɛnkɔ akyirikyiri fi aboɔden abo afoforo ho, efisɛ pentlandite a ɛnyɛ den pii no ma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ ɛbɛtwetwe.

Pentlandite: Ɔbo a Ɛho Hia a Wɔde Di Dwuma Pii!

Ɛwom sɛ wɔde pentlandite di dwuma kɛse wɔ mfiridwuma mu de, nanso wubetumi ahu pentlandite nhwɛsode ahorow a ɛyɛ fɛ, titiriw bere a ɛne aboɔden abo afoforo fra ma ɛyɛ dade a ɛhyerɛn a wɔde kyerɛ no!

Kɔtɔ pentlandite ne aboɔden abo afoforo nnɛ!