Natural Glass Gemstones: Nneɛma, Nkyerɛase, Botae & Nea Ɛkeka Ho

Abɔde mu ahwehwɛ aboɔden abo betumi ayɛ wɔ Asase so anaa ahunmu. Saa aboɔden abo ahorow yi ba bere a nneɛma te sɛ abotan anaa anhwea yɛ hyew kɛse na afei ɛyɛ nwini ntɛmntɛm, ntɛmntɛm araa ma ɛnyɛ ahwehwɛ no.

There’s no understating the importance of glass — sɛ ɛnyɛ ɛno a, anka worenkenkan asɛm yi! Nanso ebia wote “ahwehwɛ” na wususuw sɛ “onipa na ɔyɛe,” ɛnte saa? Susuw ho bio.

Abɔde — wɔ Asase so ne ahunmu nyinaa — ayɛ ahwehwɛ mfe mpempem ni, na emu pii yɛ fɛ na ɛkyerɛkyerɛ.

Saa akwankyerɛ yi ka abɔde mu ahwehwɛ aboɔden abo ahorow, ne bo, abakɔsɛm, mfaso horow, ne nea ɛkeka ho ho asɛm!

Dɛn ne Abɔde mu Ahwehwɛ Abo?

Abɔde mu ahwehwɛ ahorow pii yɛ aboɔden abo a ɛsom bo fã bi . Nanso dɛn ankasa ne ahwehwɛ?

Nyansahu mu nkyerɛase a wɔde ma wɔ ahwehwɛ ho no yɛ nea emu yɛ den, nanso wobu no sɛ ɛyɛ tebea a ebia ɛyɛ nsu anaasɛ ɛyɛ den (wɔgye ho akyinnye denneennen).

Wɔ mineralogy mu no, ahwehwɛ yɛ ade a enni nsɛ (ɛnyɛ ahwehwɛ) a wɔayɛ no pɛpɛɛpɛ na ɛyɛ random, te sɛ nsu.

Abɔde mu ahwehwɛ te sɛ Libya anhweatam so ahwehwɛ betumi de citrine asi ananmu sɛ November awobo , na moldavite wɔ anigye ma Sagittarius .

Abɔde mu Glass Specifications & Su ahorow

Abɔde mu ahwehwɛ dodow no ara yɛ silicon titiriw. Glass abo yɛ mineraloids , ɛnyɛ minerals.

So abɔde mu ahwehwɛ yɛ nea ɛda adi pefee? Ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na ɛte saa. Pii yɛ nea ɛyɛ hann kosi nea ɛda adi, nanso afoforo betumi ayɛ nea ɛnyɛ hann anaasɛ ɛwɔ anoano a ɛyɛ hann kosi nea ɛnyɛ hann.

Wobɛyɛ dɛn ahu ahwehwɛ aboɔden abo? Glass aboɔden abo (abɔde mu ne nea nnipa ayɛ) wɔ ahurututu kurukuruwa ne swirls a ɛda nsow, ne afã horow a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa ne nkuku agyiraehyɛde sɛ ɛyɛ afã horow a.

Nanso wobɛyɛ dɛn ahu abɔde mu ahwehwɛ? Abɔde mu ahwehwɛ pii wɔ mineral a ɛka ho a ahwehwɛ a wɔayɛ no nni.

Nea ɛka ho no, ahwehwɛ aboɔden abo pii a wɔyɛ sɛ aboɔden abo a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a wɔde ka ho a ebetumi ama wɔn refractive indices ne densities akɔ soro asen abɔde mu ahwehwɛ.

Enti, dɛn na ɛma ahwehwɛ a wɔde nneɛma ayɛ no yɛ soronko wɔ abɔde mu ahwehwɛ ho? Ɛmfa ho sɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ahwehwɛ a wɔde hwɛ ade ne nea ɛwɔ nipadua mu no yɛ pɛ no, abɔde mu ahwehwɛ fi abɔde mu na wɔyɛ ahwehwɛ a wɔayɛ ho adwuma.

Abɔde mu ahwehwɛ su ahorow a wɔabobɔ din:

• Mohs denden : 5-6

• Kɔla : Ɛtaa yɛ kɔkɔɔ, bruu, anaa bruu-ahabammono; Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ebetumi ayɛ kɔla biara a egyina efĩ so

• Crystal nhyehyɛe : Biara nni hɔ (amorphous) .

• Luster : Ɛyɛ nea ɛyɛ ahwehwɛ

• Transparency : Ɛyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee kosi nea ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee

• Refractive index : 1.46-1.69 (ɛsono sɛnea ɛte biara)

• Density : 2.2-3.0 (ɛsono sɛnea ɛte biara)

• Cleavage : Biara nni hɔ

• Akisikuru : Conchoidal

• Streak : Ɛyɛ fitaa

• Luminescence : Biara nni hɔ

• Pleochroism : Biara nni hɔ

• Birefringence : Biara nni hɔ

• Apete : Biara nni hɔ

• Optical nsunsuanso : Chatoyancy ne iridescence betumi aba ma obsidian

Abɔde mu Ahwehwɛ Aboɔden abo Ahorow

Yɛbɛtwe adwene asi abɔdeɛ mu ahwehwɛ a wɔtaa de di dwuma sɛ aboɔden aboɔ ho nhwɛsoɔ so wɔ aseɛ ha.

Obsidian a ɔyɛ ɔkyerɛwfo

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Iridescent "nyankontɔn" obsidian

Obsidian a wɔtaa frɛ no “ogya bepɔw mu ahwehwɛ” kɛkɛ no ne abɔde mu ahwehwɛ abohene a agye din sen biara. Ɛfiri rhyolitic magma mu na ɛba. Obsidian taa yɛ nea ɛhyerɛn na ɛyɛ tuntum, na mpɛn pii no efi magnetite a wɔde aka ho mu.

Efĩ afoforo anaa nneɛma a wɔde ka ho betumi ama ayɛ soronko:

• Iron Oxides : Ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ ne bruu

• Feldspars anaa Magnetite Nanoparticles : Ɛyɛ hann a ɛte sɛ nyankontɔn

• Gas Bubbles a Wɔakyere : Sika kɔkɔɔ a ɛhyerɛn

• Radially Clustered Cristobalite Crystals : Sukyerɛmma a ɛyɛ nsusuwso

• Oriented Hedenbergite Nanorods : Nyankontɔn a ɛyɛ kɔla ahorow a ɛyɛ nsensanee

Pumice te sɛ obsidian nanso ntokuru pii a efi mframa a ɛyɛ ahurututu a akyea wɔ ogyaframa a wɔtow gu no mu wom.

Tektites a wɔyɛ

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Moldavifo aboɔden abo

Tektites yɛ ahwehwɛ a ɛbɔ a ɛba bere a meteorite a ɛbɔ ma nneɛma no nwene ntɛmntɛm, tu kɔ wim, afei ɛyɛ nwini ntɛmntɛm kɔ ahwehwɛ mu bere a ɛsan hwe ase wɔ Asase so no.

Wɔtaa to tektite ahwehwɛ ahorow din esiane “mfuw a apete” baabi a wohu no nti, te sɛ:

• Moldavite : Efi Moldau Asubɔnten a ɛwɔ Czechia no mu

• Libya Anhweatam Ahwehwɛ : Efi Libya Anhweatam so

• Australite : Efi Australia

• Ivorites : Efi Ivory Coast

• Darwin Glass : Efi Bepɔw Darwin a ɛwɔ Tasmania so

Tektites betumi ayɛ tuntum, bruu, fitaa, fitaa, anaa ahabammono. Mpɛn pii no, wɔn nsusuwii nyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ, ɛyɛ nwonwa anaasɛ wɔte sɛ abotan a ɛte sɛ ahwehwɛ. Dodow no ara wɔ ahurututu pii wɔ mu.

Fulguritefo a wɔka no

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Type I sand fulgurite | Mfonini no fi: Rama, CC-BY-SA-2.0

Fulgurite, anaa “aprannaa a wɔatutu fam” yɛ silica a wɔafrafra a wɔde anhwea akata so, a anyinam a ɛbɔ mu na ɛba.

Ɛgyina nea anyinam no bɔɔ so no, fulgurite adesua atitiriw 4 na ɛwɔ hɔ:

• Type I : Efi anhwea a ɛyɛ nsu mu; Ahwehwɛ afasu a ɛyɛ tratraa, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ne nyinaa yɛ anhwea; ɔha biara mu nkyem 95-100 ahwehwɛ

• Type II : Efi dɔte dɔte mu; Ahwehwɛ afasu a ɛyɛ den; Ɛkɔ soro kodu ɔha biara mu 90 ahwehwɛ

• Type III : Efi calcic sediment mu; Dodow no ara ne semɛnte a wɔde calcium-carbonate ayɛ a wɔfrɛ no caliche; Ɛkɔ soro kodu ɔha biara mu nkyem 10 ahwehwɛ

• Type IV : Efi abotan mu; Ahwehwɛ afasu a ɛyɛ den; Ɛkɔ soro kodu ɔha biara mu 90 ahwehwɛ

Ɛsono sɛnea emu biara te ne ne kɛse. Wɔtaa yɛ tuntum anaa tan, nanso efĩ betumi ama wɔanya kɔla afoforo. Fulgurite a ɛwɔ kɔla ahorow nso betumi ayɛ bere a anyinam bɔ nneɛma a nnipa ayɛ no.

Ogya Bepɔw Ahwehwɛ

Sɛ obsidian da nkyɛn a, ogya bepɔw mu ahwehwɛ ahorow afoforo a ɛda nsow ne:

• Tachylite : Tuntum anaa bruu tuntum, resin a ɛhyerɛn, ɛte sɛ tar; Ɛtɔ mmere bi a , olivine anaa feldspar ahwehwɛ nketenkete na ɛwom; Sideromelane: Ɛyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee, ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ-biribiri

• Palagonite : Asɛmfua a wɔde frɛ nneɛma ahorow a efi ogya bepɔw mu ahwehwɛ a ɛsakra mu, nsu ne basalt a ɛyɛ hyew anaasɛ basaltic ahwehwɛ a ɛsakra wim tebea; Mpɛn pii no, ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ-akutu kosi bruu; Gel-palagonite: Enni kɔla, ɛyɛ mmerɛw, ɛyɛ torotoro; Fibro-palagonite - Ɛyɛ hann, ɛyɛ nhama anaasɛ ɛyɛ granular, ɛyɛ birefringent

• Macusanite : Mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ-ahabammono, ɛyɛ mmerɛw, na ɛte sɛ abotan a andalusite ne sillimanite phenocrysts wom; Nhwɛsode a edi kan koraa a efi Macusani asubɔnten, Peru

• Pele Nwi : Sika kɔkɔɔ-kɔkɔɔ, ɛte sɛ sare anaa nhwi; Ɛba bere a ogyaframa a ayɛ nwini trɛw kɔ nhama a ɛyɛ tratraa mu, na mpɛn pii no mframa de kɔ no

• Pele Nusu : Nsu tuntum a ɛte sɛ nusu a ɛyɛ jet, a mpɛn pii no ɛwɔ Pele Nwi no awiei (mfonini a ɛwɔ ase hɔ no) .

• Limu o Pele (Pele Po mu Nnuadewa) : Ɛyɛ bruu-ahabammono kosi sɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ enni kɔla, a abubu ne nkratafa a ɛyɛ tratraa a ɛte sɛ ɛpo mu nnua

Wɔde Pele, Hawaiifo ogya mmepɔw nyamewa no din ato abiɛsa a etwa to no.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Pele Nusu | Mfonini no fi: James St. John, Flickr , CC-BY-SA-2.0

Abɔde mu Ahwehwɛ Abakɔsɛm

Ɛwom sɛ nnipa fii ase yɛɛ ahwehwɛ bɛyɛ mfe 4,000 a atwam ni de, nanso abɔde mu ahwehwɛ a wɔde di dwuma no fi tete. Nkurɔfo yɛɛ obsidian nnwinnade wɔ Abo Mmere no mu. Ahwehwɛ a edi kan a wonim fi bɛyɛ afe 4,000 A.Y.B., no yɛ obsidian a wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ!

Nanso na ahwehwɛ a ɛwɔ abɔde mu no wɔ hɔ bere tenten ansa na nnipa reba. Tektites kuw a akyɛ sen biara a wonim no fi bere a dinosaur ahorow a ɛnyɛ nnomaa ase tɔree no, na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ ɛnam meteorite a ɛbaa saa asetɔre no akyi no so na ɛbae.

Wɔkyerɛ sɛ tektite nnwinnade a edi kan no yɛ 4,000-6,000 ansa na wɔrewo Kristo. Wɔde tektites nso dii dwuma maa anigyeɛ bɛyɛ afe 500 A.Y.B. Tektites a wɔkyerɛwee a edi kan a wɔkyerɛwee wɔ afe 950 Y.B.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Obsidian pendant

Abɔde mu Glass Ayaresa Nneɛma

Wobetumi de abɔde mu ahwehwɛ aboɔden abo adi dwuma sɛ abo a ano yɛ den a wɔde sa yare . Ɛnam kɔla ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ so no, ahwehwɛ aboɔden abo betumi ayɛ chakra abo a wɔde bue chakra biara.

Wɔtaa de ahwehwɛ mu aboɔden abo a ɛyɛ tumm te sɛ obsidian anaa Pele nusu di dwuma de hu nneɛma a ɛda adi pefee ne nkɔmhyɛ. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ Fulguritefo mfiase a ɛyɛ anyinam no ma honhom no nya ahoɔden na ɛma mogya no di akɔneaba.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Moldavite ring

Abɔde mu Ahwehwɛ Aboɔden abo Nneɛma

Wɔmfa abɔdeɛ mu ahwehwɛ aboɔden aboɔ nhyɛ mu te sɛ aboɔden aboɔ foforɔ, nanso yɛbɛtwe adwene asi nkyerɛwdeɛ su a ɛbɛtumi anya ne boɔ so nkɛntɛnsoɔ.

• Kɔla : Obsidians, tektites, ne Libya anhweatam so ahwehwɛ a kɔla ahorow a wɔntaa nhu no som bo kɛse. Iridescence nso betumi de mfaso aka ho.

• Twitwa : Mpɛn pii no, ntwitwiridii a ɛyɛ fɛ a ɛwɔ afã horow no som bo kɛse, gye chatoyant obsidian a ɛsɛ sɛ wotwa sɛ cabochons .

• Transparency : Transparency a ɛkorɔn kyerɛ sɛ ɛsom bo a ɛkorɔn wɔ abɔde mu ahwehwɛ nyinaa mu.

• Size : Size taa yɛ nea edi kan wɔ tektite bo ho, a akɛse hyɛ sɛ wɔmfa nneɛma bo nkɔ soro. Ne kɛse ho hia kakra ma fulgurite bo.

• Rarity : Abɔde mu ahwehwɛ a ɛntaa nsi te sɛ tektites som bo sen nea abu so te sɛ obsidian.

Abɔde mu Glass Formation & Fibea

Abɔde mu ahwehwɛ betumi ayɛ wɔ akwan kakraa bi so:

• Ogya Bepɔw Dwumadi : Magma anaa ɔbotan no dwo ntɛmntɛm ma ɛbɛyɛ ahwehwɛ (Ogya bepɔw mu ahwehwɛ, obsidian) .

• Meteorite Nkɛntɛnso : Meteorite bɔ Asase, na ɛma nneɛma no nwene ntɛmntɛm, tu kɔ wim, afei ɛyɛ nwini ntɛmntɛm kɔ ahwehwɛ mu bere a ɛsan hwe ase wɔ Asase so (Tektites) .

• Wim Tebea Nsɛm a Esisi s: Aprannaa bɔ anhwea anaa ɔbotan, na ɛwosow na ɛka silica no bom ma ɛyɛ ahwehwɛ (Fulgurites) .

Wobu abo bi te sɛ obsidian sɛ abɔde mu ahwehwɛ abotan a ɛyɛ hyew .

Mmoa binom te sɛ Hexactinellid sponge, anaa “glass sponge” wɔ ntini a ɛnyɛ nsɛ, a egyina silica so (spicules). Nyansahufo binom frɛ no nnompe a wɔde ahwehwɛ ayɛ — a ɛkɔ so tra hɔ bere a sponge no awu akyi (te sɛ akorade) — nanso afoforo ka sɛ ɛte sɛ ahwehwɛ nkutoo.

Nyansahufoɔ huu ahwehwɛ foforɔ a ɛwɔ abɔdeɛ mu wɔ afe 2015 mu: “bioglass” a ɛbɔ ho ban a ɛpo mu abɔdeɛ nketewa tardigrades (a wɔfrɛ no nsuo mu asono) yɛeɛ berɛ a wɔn nsuo atɔ wɔn. Ahwehwɛ no kura wɔn mu kosi sɛ wɔn nkwammoaa no bɛsan anya nsu.

Mmeae a Wɔtu Tuo

Ɛhe na wohu abɔde mu ahwehwɛ? Wohu abɔde mu ahwehwɛ wɔ wiase nyinaa, na ahorow bi wɔ hɔ a ɛfa mmeae pɔtee bi a ɛwɔ asase ho.

Wohu ogya bepɔw mu ahwehwɛ ahorow te sɛ obsidian wɔ mmeae a ogya bepɔw wɔ, na nneɛma pii wɔ wiase nyinaa. Wohu Pele Nwi ne Pele Nusu nso wɔ mmeae a ogya bepɔw wɔ, titiriw wɔ Nicaragua, Italy, Ethiopia, ne Iceland.

Sɛ wopɛ tektite mmeae a, hwɛ yɛn Tektite Info Guide .

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Snowflake obsidian asomuade

Abɔde mu Glass Bo & Bo

Abɔde mu ahwehwɛ abo bo gu ahorow wɔ abo ankorankoro biara mu, ɛwom sɛ ne bo yɛ den sen ahwehwɛ aboɔden abo a wɔayɛ de.

Obsidian ne nea ne bo yɛ den sen biara, na mpɛn pii no ne bo yɛ $2-$5 wɔ pound biara ho.

Wubetumi ahu tektites ahorow bo ahorow wɔ info akwankyerɛ a wɔde link wɔ atifi hɔ no mu. Mpɛn pii no, Ivorites ne Uruguaites na wɔn bo yɛ den sen biara, bere a Zhamanshinites ne Philippinites taa yɛ nea ne bo yɛ den sen biara.

Fulgurite ahorow no trɛw, efi bɛyɛ dɔla 5 kosi nea ɛboro dɔla 5,000.

Abɔde mu Ahwehwɛ a Wɔhwɛ So ne Ne Siesie

Nea etwa to ne aboɔden abo a wɔhwɛ so . Abɔde mu ahwehwɛ dodow no ara yɛ nea asiane biara nni ho sɛ wobɛka, nanso bere nyinaa hyɛ nsateaa bere a woredi Pele Nwi ho dwuma no!

Esiane sɛ ɛyɛ den wɔ mfinimfini nti, yɛkamfo nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛbɔ ho ban kyerɛ wɔ abɔde mu ahwehwɛ aboɔden abo agude so, titiriw nkaa. Fa samina a ano nyɛ den, nsu a ɛyɛ hyew, ne brɔs a ɛyɛ mmerɛw hohoro abo no ho.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Rainbow obsidian

Bue Hokwan Mfɛnsere ne Abɔde mu Ahwehwɛ Aboɔden abo!

Sɛ w’ani gye aboɔden aboɔ ho esiane wɔn abɔdeɛ mu ahoɔfɛ nti a, abɔdeɛ mu ahwehwɛ aboɔden aboɔ yɛ ɔkwan pa a wobɛfa so atrɛ w’adwene mu akɔ deɛ Asase ne amansan no bɛtumi de ama. Wowɔ nsusuwii ne kɔla soronko pii a wubetumi apaw bi, enti dɛn na woretwɛn?

Kɔtɔ abɔde mu ahwehwɛ aboɔden abo te sɛ obsidian anaa tektites te sɛ Darwin ahwehwɛ , moldavite , ne nea ɛkeka ho nnɛ!