Jet Gemstone: Nneɛma, Nkyerɛase, Botae & Nea Ɛkeka Ho

Jet yɛ aboɔden abo a ɛyɛ tuntum anaa bruu tuntum a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛhyerɛn a abakɔsɛm mu ntease wɔ agude ne nneɛma a wɔde siesie mu, ɛwom sɛ ɛnyɛ nea nkurɔfo ani gye ho saa nnɛ de. Nea ɛnte sɛ aboɔden abo dodow no ara no, jet nyɛ aboɔden abo anaa ahwehwɛ, nanso wotumi da so ara yɛ afã horow na wɔasen no fɛfɛɛfɛ.

Woate kasasin “jet black” pɛn? Efii ase wɔ abo tuntum a wɔfrɛ no jet ho asɛm mu!

So abo a wɔfrɛ no jet ho yɛ na? Aboɔden abo a ɛyɛ fɛ a ɛyɛ jet ho yɛ na, titiriw nea agye din a efi Whitby, England no.

Edu akwankyerɛ yi awiei no, wubehu sɛnea wubehu jet aboɔden abo, nea wɔde ayɛ, ne nea ɛma jet yɛ soronko saa.

Ɛfa Jet Stone ho

Nea edi kan no, so jet yɛ ɔbo a ɛsom bo? Dabi, jet yɛ aboɔden abo a ɛsom bo fã bi , ɛwom sɛ wɔadɔ no mfehaha pii de.

Jet (anaasɛ “lignite”) yɛ mineraloid a efi afifide mu , a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛte sɛ mineral. It’s also an organic gemstone alongside amber , pearl , and coral , bere a jet fi nnua a ɛporɔw mu ba no. Nokwarem no, kan no na wɔfrɛ jet “black amber.”

Nanso, aboɔden abo a ɛte sɛ jet sen biara ne shungite , efisɛ abien no nyinaa yɛ tuntum, carbon a ɛwɔ mu, na emu yɛ hare mineraloids.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Onyx tuntum

Jet ne Onyx ntam

Sɛ wohwɛ a, ebia wubedi mfomso aka sɛ jet yɛ aboɔden abo foforo: onyx , titiriw onyx tuntum . So jet ne onyx yɛ ade koro? Dabi, ɛsono jet ne onyx.

Wobɛyɛ dɛn ahu jet aboɔden abo vs onyx aboɔden abo?

Nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ mu ni:

• Nkyekyɛmu : Onyx yɛ aboɔden abo; jet yɛ ade a ɛyɛ mineraloid.

• Nneɛma a ɛwom : Onyx yɛ chalcedony ahorow (microcrystalline quartz) bere a jet yɛ carbon dodow no ara.

• Kɔla Fibea : Wɔde kɔla ayɛ onyx tuntum a ɛyɛ den dodow no ara. Jet kɔla tuntum no yɛ abɔde mu de.

• Hardness : Onyx yɛ den, ɛwɔ 7 wɔ Mohs hardness scale so sɛ wɔde toto jet ranking a ɛyɛ 2.5 kosi 4 ho a.

• Mu duru : Ɛda adi sɛ onyx mu duru sen jet, na ne mu duru yɛ 2.72 kosi 2.85 bere a wɔde toto jet a ɛyɛ 1.3 kosi 1.4 ho no.

• Streak : Onyx wɔ streak fitaa a ɛyɛ powder; jet wɔ nsensanee a ɛyɛ bruu.

Ɛno akyi no, nsɛdi a ɛwɔ abien no ntam no kyerɛ sɛ wubetumi de jet adi dwuma sɛ ahintasɛm December awobo foforo . Jet ankasa yɛ nsoromma mu hwɛ bo ma sɛnkyerɛnne Capricorn .

Jet Nkyerɛkyerɛmu & Su ahorow

Esiane sɛ jet nyɛ aboɔden abo nti, ɛsono sɛnea ɛte. Nanso carbon pii wom bere nyinaa, na sulphur ne dade yɛ efĩ a ɛtaa ba. Abo a wɔfrɛ no jet dodow no ara yɛ carbon ɔha biara mu nkyem 75, oxygen ɔha biara mu nkyem 12, ne sulfur ne hydrogen ɔha biara mu nkyem 13.

Ɛsono nneɛma a wonya fi mu wɔ sɛ ebia jet yɛ fango bi anaa. Ebinom frɛ no anthracite fango, afoforo frɛ no subbituminous (lignite) fango. Afoforo ka sɛ ɛnyɛ fango na mmom nnua a wɔatutu fam ahu anaa ɔbotan bi kɛkɛ.

Ɛmfa ho nea ɛbɛba biara no, ɔbo no wɔ akwan abien, a ɛyɛ den ne nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw, a ɛsono nsu ko a ɛka ho wɔ ne hyehyɛ mu. Nanso, wobetumi abu nsɛmfua no sɛ edin a ɛnteɛ, efisɛ akwan abien no nyinaa wɔ Mohs hardness koro — soft jet yɛ nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse ara kwa wɔ ɔhyew nsakrae ho.

Jet yɛ piezoelectric, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ sɛ wode petepete so a, ebetumi ama anyinam ahoɔden ayɛ no.

Jet no nneɛma a wɔahyehyɛ ni:

• Mohs denden : 2.5-4

• Kɔla : Tuntum anaa bruu tuntum

• Crystal nhyehyɛe : Biara nni hɔ

• Luster : Vitreous, resinous, anaa waxy; Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, dade a wɔde ka pyrite ho

• Transparency : Ɛyɛ fã bi a ɛyɛ hann kosi nea ɛnyɛ hann

• Nneɛma a ɛma hann yɛ hyew : 1.66

• Nnipa dodow : 1.30-1.40

• Cleavage : Biara nni hɔ

• Fracture : Conchoidal anaasɛ ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ

• Streak : Ɛyɛ bruu

• Luminescence : Biara nni hɔ

• Pleochroism : Biara nni hɔ

Jet Ahorow Ahorow

Jet wɔ aguadi din ahorow bi a ɛda nsow wɔ baabi a efi bae, te sɛ:

• Acoma Jet : Ɛyɛ mmerɛw; Wotutuu fam wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn Acoma Pueblo mantam a ɛwɔ New Mexico, U.S.A.; Ɛtaa ba Amerikafo Ankasa agude a wɔyɛ wɔ Kesee Fam Atɔe mu

• Erzurum Ɔbo / Oltu Ɔbo : Wotu wɔ Turkey apuei fam

• Spanish Jet : Sulfur a ɛdɔɔso; Ɛyɛ den nanso ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse; Wɔtu fam wɔ Spain

• Whitby Jet : Sulfur a ɛwɔ mu no sua; Wotutuu fam wɔ Whitby, England

Whitby wimhyɛn ne wimhyɛn a agye din sen biara, a wonim no sɛ wimhyɛn a ɛkorɔn sen biara a ɛwɔ hɔ. Wohu abo a ɛyɛ jet yi wɔ Whitby Mudstone Formation na ɛbae bɛyɛ mfe ɔpepem 180 a atwam ni fii dua bi a ɛte sɛ Araucaria araucana (anaasɛ “bonsu ahodwiriwde”) dua no mu.

Nokwarem no, na wimhyɛn a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ abakɔsɛm mu no mu dodow no ara yɛ Whitby wimhyɛn.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Wɔ Antiques Fair bi ase wɔ NEC, abakɔsɛm mu Whitby Jet nneɛma ne agude a W. Hamond adwumakuw | Mfonini no: ɔdebɔneyɛfo a wɔabu no bem, Flickr

Jet Nkyerɛase & Abakɔsɛm

Jet stone honhom fam ntease nnɛ yɛ ahoɔden, ahobammɔ, ne ahotew. Wɔtaa gye di sɛ ɛde anigye ne adwene mu da hɔ wɔ mmere a adwennwen wom mu.

Tetefo gye dii sɛ jet stones ma ahobammɔ fi aniwa bɔne no ho, a egyina hɔ ma gyidi a ɛne sɛ obi adwene bɔne a ɔwɔ wɔ wo ho (a mpɛn pii no efi ahoɔyaw mu) de nneɛma a efi abɔde mu ba.

Abakɔsɛm

Fam tutu mu nneɛma a ɛyɛ jet aboɔden abo agude no fi Aboɔ Foforo mmere (10,000 A.Y.B. kosi 2,200 A.Y.B.) wɔ tete Britain ne Kɔbere Mmere (3,300 A.Y.B. kosi 1,200 A.Y.B.) mu wɔ Roma, Viking, ne Saxon nneɛma mu.

Wɔ mfehaha pii mu no, na wɔfrɛ jet “lignite,” a wonya fii Hela kasa a wɔfrɛ no gagates lithos a ɛkyerɛ “Gages ɔbo” mu. Ná Gages yɛ Likia asubɔnten ne kurow bi a ɛwɔ Asia Kumaa.

Tete Romafo (625 A.Y.B. kosi 476 A.Y.B.) de Whitby jet dii dwuma wɔ nkaa, pendants, ti nhwi asinasin, ne nneɛma a wɔde siesie mu, na wogye di sɛ ɔbo no de ahintasɛm mu ahobammɔ ma.

Folks wɔ Mfinimfini Mmere no mu (476 A.D. kosi 1450 Y.B.) dii kan frɛɛ jet “black amber” anaa “gagates” wɔ Materia Medica lapidary nkyerɛwee ahorow mu. Asɛmfua “jet” no bae wɔ ɛno akyi bere tiaa bi, na wonya fii afeha a ɛto so 12 Fransefo asɛmfua jaiet mu.

Jet agye din kɛse wɔ Victoria Bere no mu (1837 kosi 1901).

Wɔde Whitby wimhyɛn kyerɛɛ ɔmanfo wɔ Ɔyɛkyerɛ Kɛse a wɔyɛe wɔ 1851 mu no mu, na ɛbɛyɛɛ nkae ade titiriw ma nsrahwɛfo a ɛma wobuee Whitby wimhyɛn aguadidan a edi kan wɔ 1860. Nanso nea agye din no mu dodow no ara bae bere a Ɔhemmaa Victoria hyɛɛ wimhyɛn mu awerɛhow agude a wɔasen wɔ Prince Albert wu akyi no mu wɔ 1861 mu.

Mprempren, mfaso bɛn na ɛwɔ abo a wɔfrɛ no jet so?

Mfonini no fi Auckland Tete Nneɛma Akorae

Jet Ayaresa Nneɛma

Ɛnnɛ, jet sɛ ɔbo a ɛsa yare no kɔ akyiri sen awerɛhow ho ade. Te sɛ aboɔden abo tuntum afoforo , jet ma ahobammɔ, fam, ne adwempa, titiriw bere a wɔde di dwuma sɛ ntini chakra ɔbo .

Nipadua mu Ayaresa

Mfaso a wɔka ho asɛm wɔ honam fam jet aboɔden abo mu no bi ne sɛ wɔbɛsa:

• Atiridiinini a ɛyɛ hu

• Ahonhono

• Brayɛ mu akisikuru

• Hormone ahorow a ɛnkari pɛ

Nkate mu Ayaresa

Wɔ nkate fam no, jet betumi aboa wo ma woanya suban anaa nsusuwii ahorow a ɛnyɛ wo mfaso no mu da hɔ. Wɔsan nso ka sɛ ɛma nkate mu ahoɔden na ɛdan ahoɔden bɔne (mfinimfini anaa akyi) ma ɛbɛyɛ nea eye.

Jet Gemstone Nneɛma a Ɛwɔ Hɔ

So jet stone som bo? Jet bo a ɛsom no gyina ne su ahorow so, a ɛne kɔla, nea wɔatwa, nea ɛhyerɛn, ne nea ɛyɛ nokware. Carat mu duru ho nhia saa, efisɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ jet mu duru yɛ hare araa ma wobetumi ayɛ no kɛse biara.

Ahosuo

Jet kɔla betumi afi bruu akosi tuntum, na jet abo tuntum a ɛyɛ hu na ɛsom bo sen biara. Nhwɛsode ahorow bi mpo da sɛnea nnua a wɔde yɛɛ no ​​adi.

Twa

Jet can be cut into faceted shapes , nanso wɔtaa di adwini. Nwene a ɛnyɛ den nyɛ den, nanso adwini a ɛyɛ nwonwa hwehwɛ sɛ obi yɛ adwuma yiye. Cameo ne intaglio nsusuwso abu so, titiriw wɔ tete jet agude mu.

Nneɛma afoforo a wubetumi apaw ne cabochons , nhwiren, anaa inlay.

Luster a ɛyɛ fɛ

Jet taa yɛ polish yiye, na ɛhyerɛn a ɛhyerɛn. Nanso jet aboɔden abo a ɛhyerɛn kɛse no som bo kɛse.

Nneɛma a wɔde yɛ mfonini

Jet no rarity kyerɛ sɛ simulants abu so. Nokwarem no, “French jet” yɛ ahwehwɛ tuntum ankasa. Nneɛma a wɔtaa de yɛ jet simulants ne:

• Plastik a wɔde yɛ nneɛma

• Ahwehwɛ tuntum

• Obsidian a ɔyɛ ɔkyerɛwfo

• Tourmaline a ɛyɛ tuntum

• Chalcedony na ɔyɛ ɔmanpanyin

Afei, ɔkwan bɛn so na jet ankasa yɛ?

Mfonini no fi: Geni | Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 Amanaman Ntam, 3.0 Wɔn a wɔmfa nkɔ, 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic ne 1.0 Generic tumi krataa

Jet Formation & Nneɛma a Wɔde Yɛ Adwuma

Jet a wɔhyehyɛ no gye mfe mpempem kosi ɔpepem pii. Dua bi nkorabata fã bi — mpɛn pii no efi Araucariaceae abusua a ɛwɔ Jurassic ne Cretaceous bere so — meme kɔ nsu bi ase, baabi a nsu a ɛyɛ fĩ akata so.

Wɔ mfehaha pii mu no, wɔde nkakrankakra mia nneɛma a wɔde ayɛ nnua no, sɛe, na ɛyɛ hyew, na ɛka bom yɛ ade a wɔatutu fam ahu.

Nsu ko a wɔde yɛ no nso ho hia. Jet a ɛyɛ den ba wɔ nkyene nsu mu, bere a jet a ɛyɛ mmerɛw ba wɔ nsu pa mu.

Mmeae a Wɔtu Tuo

England ne beae a ɛkorɔn sen biara a wonya aboɔden abo a ɛyɛ fɛ a wɔde di dwuma wɔ wimhyɛn mu, na Spain na ɛto so abien wɔ aguadi mu.

Jet fibea afoforo bi ne:

• Austria

• Cambodia na ɛwɔ hɔ

• Canada

• France

• Germany

• India

• Italy

• Luxembourg na ɛwɔ hɔ

• Mongolia na ɛwɔ hɔ

• Poland

• Portugal

• Russia

• Kurokuro

• U.S.A. (Colorado, Mexico Foforo, Utah) .

Sɛ yɛde Sources to nkyɛn a, jet bo yɛ ahe? Ɛyɛ nea ne bo yɛ den sen sɛnea wubesusuw.

Jet Gemstone Bo & Ne Bo

So jet bo yɛ den? Ɛnyɛ nea ne bo yɛ den sɛnea wubesusuw no. Bere a tete jet agude a wɔasen betumi agye dɔla 300 kosi 1,000 no, jet aboɔden abo dodow no ara bo bɛyɛ dɔla 0.40 wɔ carat biara mu ($2 gram biara).

Ha wɔ Gem Rock Auctions , wubetumi ahu jet akɛse a wɔasen de agye bɛyɛ $0.30 wɔ carat biara ho.

Yɛn jet beads no wɔ hɔ a ne bo nnu $1 wɔ carat biara ho ($14 kosi $50 ma set biako).

Nnɛyi Whitby jet agude betumi ayɛ nea ne bo yɛ den, esiane sɛ ɛyɛ papa nti, na pendants bo bɛyɛ dɔla 100 kosi 150.

Jet Care ne Nsiesiei

Nea etwa to no, yɛbɛka aboɔden abo a wɔhwɛ so ho asɛm .

So jet aboɔden abo yɛ mmerɛw? Jet yɛ mmerɛw yiye, ne brittle tenacity (ɛnyɛ den sɛ ebebubu anaasɛ abubu) ne fɛ low hardness. Yɛhyɛ nyansa sɛ nya nhyehyɛe a ɛbɔ ho ban ma jet agude, titiriw nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw kɛse te sɛ jet rings anaa bracelets.

Wubetumi de nsu a ɛyɛ hyew, samina a ɛnyɛ den, ne brɔs a ɛyɛ mmerɛw asiesie jet. Fa sie wɔ ɔkwan soronko so fi aboɔden abo afoforo ho.

Ma jet aboɔden abo no nkɔ akyirikyiri fi:

• Nnuhwam anaa nneɛma a wɔde yɛ ahosiesie

• Nnuru a ano yɛ den

• Mfiri a wɔde tew nneɛma ho (sɛ nhwɛso no, nsu a ɛyɛ hyew, ultrasonic) .

Te nka sɛ Jet Setter wɔ Jet Jewelry mu!

Ebia aboɔden abo a wɔfrɛ no jet renkura agye din a na ɛwɔ Victoria bere so no mu, nanso saa aboɔden abo tuntum a ɛnyɛ anifere yi ne agude a ɛyɛ pɛ. Ɛnyɛ sɛ ebetumi ama wɔanya nneɛma pa ne ahobammɔ nko, na mmom ne hwɛbea a ɛhyerɛn na ɛnyɛ afã biara no boa atade biara!

Kɔtɔ jet aboɔden abo nnɛ!