Hubnerite Gemstone: Nneɛma, Nkyerɛase, Botae & Nea Ɛkeka Ho

Hubnerite (wɔsan kyerɛw no huebnerite anaa hübnerite) yɛ wolframite kuw aboɔden abo a ɛtaa yɛ kɔkɔɔ-biribiri, ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛyɛ iridescent. Wɔ mfiridwuma mu dwumadie kakraa bi akyi no, ɔbo no nyɛ nea wonim no yie wɔ collector circles akyi.

Sɛ yɛhwɛ nea ɛntaa nsi a, hubnerite ho yɛ na kakra. Cut hubnerite aboɔden abo no yɛ nea ɛntaa nsi esiane ahwehwɛde a ɛba fam nti — aboɔden abo-su nneɛma nyɛ nea ɛho yɛ na saa.

Woasiesie wo ho sɛ wubehu pii? Fa eyi sɛ wo hub ma hubnerite. Yɛde yɛn nimdeɛ a yɛde mfeɛ pii wɔ mineral wiase no mu no adi dwuma de akwankyerɛ a ɛkɔ akyiri yi a ɛfa hubnerite abakɔsɛm, dwumadie, agyapadeɛ, ne boɔ, ne nea ɛkeka ho abrɛ wo.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Hubnerite ahwehwɛ akuwakuw kɛse a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɛte quartz | Mfonini no fie: Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com – CC-BY-SA-3.0

Ɛfa Hubnerite Ɔbo ho

Hubnerite yɛ aboɔden abo a ɛho yɛ na, a ɛtaa yɛ bruu a ɛsom bo fã bi a wonim no kɛse wɔ wɔn a wɔboaboa aboɔden abo ano no mu. Sɛ nkyerɛwde foforo a wɔde kyerɛw hübnerite ne huebnerite da nkyɛn a, din afoforo a wɔde frɛ ɔbo no bi ne:

• Megabasite a ɛwɔ hɔ

• Blumite na ɔkyerɛwee

• Manganowolframite a wɔde yɛ nneɛma

• Manganese tungstate a wɔfrɛ no tungstate

Hubnerite aniwa mu nneɛma pii yɛ soronko na ɛyɛ nwonwa: ne pete kɛse (ɛhyerɛn kɔla), refractive index (hann a ɛdannan kɛse), pleochroism (kɔla ahorow wɔ mmeae ahorow a wɔhwɛ), na ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛhyerɛn te sɛ daimond .

Wɔ mfiridwuma mu no, dɛn na wɔde hubnerite di dwuma?.

Hubnerite a Wɔde Di Dwuma

Hubnerite yɛ tungsten mineral ketewaa bi, nanso ɛda so ara ho hia efisɛ tungsten mineral pii nni hɔ. Nneɛma atitiriw bi a wɔde tungsten di dwuma nnɛ ne:

• Ɛlektrode ahorow

• Cathode-ray nhama (CRT ahorow) .

• Aduruyɛ ho nneɛma (sɛ nhwɛso no, mframa a wɔde bɔ ho ban, CT scans) .

• Kanea a wɔde yɛ kanea nhama

• Dade a emu yɛ duru a wɔde afra (sɛ nhwɛso no, dade a ɛde ahoɔhare kɛse di dwuma wɔ nnwinnade a wɔde twa nneɛma mu) .

• Ɛlektrik nhama

• X-ray afiri a wɔde yɛ nneɛma

• Asraafo akode (sɛ nhwɛso no, nneɛma a ɛma ahoɔden a ɛkɔ nipadua no mu) .

• Agude (sɛ nhwɛso no, tungsten carbide nkaa) .

• Aerospace & kar afã horow

• Magnets a ɛtra hɔ daa

• Mining & adansi mfiri

• Arc welding a wɔde yɛ adwuma

• Nanowires a wɔde yɛ nneɛma

Bio nso, nhwehwɛmufo asua hubnerite ho ade de adi atirimpɔw ahorow ho ade, na wɔasusuw sɛnea etumi yɛ chlorination a ɛde yi dade, sɛnea ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ ma uranium-lead dating , ne sɛnea etumi yɛ no mu .

Hubnerite Nkyerɛkyerɛmu ne Su ahorow

Sɛ́ manganese tungstate aboɔden abo no, wɔtaa kyerɛw hubnerite aduru no sɛ MnWO4 nanso aduru a Amanaman Ntam Aboɔdenfo Fekuw (IMA) apene so ne Mn2+(WO4).

Hubnerite yɛ manganese awiei a ɛwɔ ntoatoaso a dade awiei ferberite, dade tungstate (formula FeWO4) ka ho. Ebia nhwɛsode ahorow a wɔakyekyɛ mu sɛ hubnerite wɔ ntoatoaso no mu no bɛyɛ soronko wɔ su ahorow bi mu a egyina dade dodow a wɔwɔ so.

Sɛ yɛde wɔn ho yɛ na toto ho a, ferberite abu so sen hubnerite efisɛ ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔde dade besi manganese ananmu sen manganese de asi dade ananmu bere a aboɔden abo ayɛ no.

Hubnerite ne ferberite nyinaa wɔ wolframite kuw no mu . Mpɛn pii no, aboɔden abo ankorankoro a wɔfrɛ no “wolframite” no wɔ hubnerite ne ferberite ntam. Wolframite kuw mu aboɔden abo nyinaa wɔ ahwehwɛ nhyehyɛe ne monoclinic symmetry koro.

Wolframite kuw no mu aboɔden abo afoforo ne:

• Heftetjernite — Scandium tantalate, ScTaO4 a ɛyɛ aduru a ɛma obi nya ahoɔden

• Huanzalaite — Magnesium a wɔde yɛ aduru a wɔfrɛ no tungstate Mg (WO4); Magnesium analogue a ɛwɔ hubnerite mu

• Krasnoselskite — Kobalt a wɔde ayɛ afiri, CoWO4

• Nioboheftetjernite — Scandium niobate, ScNbO4

• Rossovskyite — Dade a ɛyɛ niobate, Fe3+NbO4

• Sanmartinite — Zinc a ɛyɛ den, Zn(WO4) .

San kɔ mineral a ɛwɔ yɛn nsam no so. Sɛ yɛhwɛ hubnerite nsusuwii ahorow a, ahwehwɛ no betumi ayɛ prismatic, columnar, flattened, tabular, anaa bladed, a mpɛn pii no ɛwɔ striations atenten. Hubnerite ahwehwɛ pii bom yɛ akuwakuw a ɛne ne ho di nsɛ anaasɛ ɛhyerɛn.

Aboɔden abo no nso betumi aba sɛ grainy masses anaa lamellar aggregates.

Twinning abu so wɔ hubnerite mu, mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ contact twinning a ɛnyɛ den nanso ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛyɛ interpenetrant anaa lamellar twinning.

Hubnerite aboɔden abo ho nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ:

• Mohs hardness : 4-4.5, ɛkɔ soro bere a dade pii ka ho

• Kɔla : Kɔla-biribiri, kɔkɔɔ-biribiri, bruu tuntum, tuntum-biribiri, tuntum; Ɛntaa nyɛ kɔkɔɔ; Ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛyɛ fitaa anaa fitaa a emu yɛ kɔkɔɔ a emu dɔ wɔ hann a ɛdannan no ase; Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, wɔde kɔla ahorow ahyɛ mu

• Ahwehwɛ nhyehyɛe : Monoclinic

• Luster : Ɛyɛ dade ase, dade, resinous, anaa adamantine

• Transparency : Ɛyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee kosi nea ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee

• Nneɛma a ɛma nneɛma yɛ mmerɛw : 2.17-2.32

• Density : 7.12-7.18, ɛkɔ soro bere a dade pii ka ho

• Cleavage : Ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ {010} so.

• Fracture : Ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ/ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ; Ntetewmu wɔ {100} ne {102} so.

• Streak : Kɔkɔɔ, kɔkɔɔ-biribiri, tuntum, anaa ahabammono-akuturuku

• Luminescence : Biara nni hɔ

• Pleochroism : Ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren, ɛsono sɛnea dade fi ne dodow a ɛwɔ mu; Kɔkɔɔ a ɛhyerɛn anaa ahabammono anaa kɔkɔɔ-akutu kosi ahabammono-kɔla anaa kɔkɔɔ-biribiri anaa kɔkɔɔ-akutu anaa kɔkɔɔ kosi ahabammono anaa birikisi kɔkɔɔ anaa kɔkɔɔ

• Nsonsonoe abien : 0.13

• Dispersion : Ɛyɛ nea ɛkɔ fam kosi nea emu yɛ den

• Optical phenomena : Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, iridescence fi emu reflections

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Hubnerite ahwehwɛ tuntum kɛse a ɛhyerɛn a efi Peru | Mfonini no fie: Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com – CC-BY-SA-3.0

Hubnerite Nkyerɛase ne Abakɔsɛm

Ɛnyɛ sɛ hubnerite wɔ nkyerɛwde ahorow pii nko, na mmom ɛwɔ din pii nso fi bere a wohuu no. Nokwarem no, na ɛsono edin a edi kan a wɔde frɛɛ aboɔden abo no koraa.

Nea edi kan a wɔkaa aboɔden abo no ho asɛm wɔ 1852 mu . Germanni aboɔden abo ho ɔbenfo August Breithaupt bɔɔ aboɔden abo bi a ɛte sɛ wolframite nanso ɛwɔ nneɛma atitiriw pii ho amanneɛ. Ɔfrɛɛ no ​​“ megabasite ” fi Hela nsɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ “kɛse” ne “gyinabea” no mu.

Afei, Germanni asase ho nimdefo ne nnomaa ho ɔbenfo Karl Theodor Liebe frɛɛ aboɔden abo no “ blumit ” wɔ 1863 mu, de hyɛɛ Germanni aboɔden abo ho ɔbenfo Johann Reinhard Blum anuonyam.

Awiei koraa wɔ 1865 mu no, Prussia-Amerikani mfiridwumayɛfo a ɔyɛ nneɛma a wotu fagude ne ɔsɔfo Eugene N. Riotte hyehyɛɛ edin “ hübnerite ,” de hyɛɛ Saxon dade ho nimdefo Friedrich Adolph Hübner anuonyam, wɔ hubnerite nkyerɛkyerɛmu a edi kan a aban de mae mu. Amanneɛbɔ ahorow bi kyerɛw no sɛ hubnerite.

Na Riotte nkyerɛkyerɛmu no gyina nhwɛsode ahorow a ɔne Hübner yɛɛ mu nhwehwɛmu fii Erie ne Enterprize ntini a ɛwɔ Ellsworth Mine a ɛwɔ Nevada, U.S.A., a mprempren ɛyɛ aboɔden abo no su beae no so.

Ansa na eyi reba no, na tungsten mu nneɛma a wonim nkutoo ne stolzite , scheelite , ne wolframite.

Eduu 1920 mfe no mu no, na wɔde nkyerɛwde huebnerite di dwuma mpɛn pii — yehu wɔ kratafa 157 wɔ Esper S. Larsen U.S. Asase Ho Nhwehwɛmu amanneɛbɔ “The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals” a efi 1921 mu — nanso wɔde umlaut nkyerɛase (hübnerite) no di dwuma wɔ nnɛyi a ɛyɛ aban de kɛse mu nsɛm a wɔde gyina hɔ ma.

Hubnerite Ayaresa Nneɛma

Sɛ́ ɔbo a ɛtaa yɛ bruu a ɛsa yare no , hubnerite metaphysical su ahorow no ne aboɔden abo afoforo a ɛyɛ bruu a ɛyɛ fam na ɛbɔ ho ban no di nsɛ . Saa ara nso na wɔde hubnerite di dwuma sɛ ntini chakra ɔbo .

Nea ɛboro saa no, dɛn ne ayaresa su ahorow a ɛwɔ hubnerite mu?

Nipadua mu Ayaresa

Sɛnea crystal healers kyerɛ no, hubnerite ayaresa tumi wɔ honam fam ahemman mu no bi ne nsɛm a ɛfa:

• Anisoadehunu

• Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa no dwumadi

• Mogya a ɛkɔ nipadua no mu

• Akyi berɛmo mu mmoa

• Ahoɔden

• Nsakrae a ɛyɛ mmerɛw

• Ɔbrɛ

Nkate mu Ayaresa

Wɔ nkate fam no, wogye di sɛ hubnerite tu mpɔn:

• Ahonim

• Ahoɔden a wɔde yɛ ntini

• Wɔn ho a wohu

• Nkutahodie

• Adwene a wobue mu

• Gyinaesi a wɔyɛ

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Hubnerite ahwehwɛ kɔkɔɔ a emu dɔ a ɛwɔ quartz nnade a emu da hɔ a efi Peru | Mfonini no fie: Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com – CC-BY-SA-3.0

Hubnerite Aboɔden abo Nneɛma a Ɛwɔ Hɔ

Hubnerite ho yɛ na koraa sɛ aboɔden abo, nanso gyinapɛn a wɔde kyerɛ bo a ɛsom no te sɛ aboɔden abo afoforo. Botae a hubnerite som no gyina ne kɔla, ne twitwa, sɛnea emu da hɔ/nea ɛda adi pefee, ne ne mu duru a ɛyɛ carat so.

Ahosuo

Hubnerite abo pii yɛ tuntum, ɛbɛn bruu kosi tuntum anaa kɔkɔɔ-biribiri. Hubnerites a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ koraa ho yɛ na na wɔhwehwɛ, ne nea ɛyɛ kɔla a ɛyɛ hare anaasɛ ɛyɛ iridescent.

Ade foforo a ɛda nsow wɔ hubnerite kɔla ho ne ne streak , a ɛkyerɛ ne kɔla wɔ powder mu. Aboɔden abo dodow no ara wɔ nsensanee fitaa, na ebinom nso wɔ kɔla abien a ebetumi ayɛ nsensanee. Nanso hubnerite wɔ kɔla anan a ebetumi ayɛ streak!

Twa

Facetable nneɛma nyɛ nea ɛho yɛ na dodo, nanso wɔntaa ntu efisɛ adetɔfo hwehwɛ pii. Nanso, wubetumi ahu hubnerite aboɔden abo a ɛwɔ afã horow a ɛyɛ nketewa.

Hubnerite dodow no ara a wɔtɔn no yɛ nea wobetumi anya rough (uncut).

Nsɛm a Ɛda Hɔ na Ɛda Hɔ

Clarity kyerɛkyerɛ sɛnea nneɛma a wotumi hu ka aboɔden abo mu, a ebetumi ama nea ɛda adi pefee ne ne bo so atew.

Mfomso ahorow a ɛtaa ba wɔ hubnerite mu ne nsu a ɛka ho (ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛyɛ nsu a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛwɔ afã abien), nsu a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛka ho, pyrite , ne mpaapaemu a galena ahyɛ mu ma.

Ɛtɔ mmere bi nso a wohu hubnerite sɛ nea ɛka quartz ne scheelite ho.

Hubnerites pii yɛ nea ɛnyɛ hann anaasɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛnyɛ hann esiane sɛ ɛyɛ tuntum ne/anaasɛ dade a ɛwɔ mu pii nti, nanso ahwehwɛ a emu yɛ hare a ɛyɛ hann kɛse no som bo kɛse.

Carat Mu duru ne Ne Kɛse

Hubnerite aboɔden abo a ɛwɔ afã horow dodow no ara yɛ nketewa, mpɛn pii no ne duru nnu carat 1. Facetable anaa faceted hubnerites akɛse taa yɛ tuntum na ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi kɛse.

Wubetumi ahu hubnerite a ɛyɛ den a ɛsõ yiye, a mpɛn pii no ɛbata quartz ho.

Hubnerite a Wɔahyehyɛ ne Nea Efi Hɔ

Mpɛn pii no, hubnerite nam nsakrae anaa nsu mu ɔhyew mu nsakrae kwan bi a kan no na wɔfrɛ no pneumatolysis so na ɛba.

Ɔbotan bɛn na wohu hubnerite wɔ mu? Hubnerite aboɔden abo dodow no ara wɔ nsu a ɛyɛ hyew ntini mu (a mpɛn pii no ɛwɔ quartz) anaa greisens a wɔasesa mu, na ebi wɔ granite pegmatites ne alluvial deposits mu.

Quartz da nkyɛn a, aboɔden abo afoforo a wɔtaa de bata hubnerite ho ne:

• Arsenopyrite a wɔde yɛ aduru

• Cassiterite a wɔde yɛ aduru

• Fluorite a wɔde yɛ adwuma

• Galena na ɔkyerɛwee

• Molybdenite a wɔde yɛ nneɛma

• Muscovitefo na wɔte saa

• Pyrite a wɔfrɛ no Pyrite

• Rhodochrosite a ɛma mogya tu

• Scheelite na ɔkyerɛwee

• Sphalerite a wɔde yɛ aduru

• Stolzite a wɔde di dwuma

• Topaz a wɔfrɛ no topaz

• Tourmaline a wɔde yɛ aduru

Wɔ asase ho nsɛm mu no, ɛhe na wohu hubnerite?

Mmeae a Wɔtu Tuo

Wɔ hubnerite ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw ho no, Peru ne fibea a wonim no yiye. Argentina yɛ hubnerite fibea foforo a ɛho hia.

Nneɛma afoforo a ɛda nsow a wonya hubnerite fibea ne:

• Australia

• Czechoslovakia na ɛwɔ hɔ

• France

• U.S.A. (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, South Dakota, Washington) Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so, na ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so bio.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Hubnerite ahwehwɛ kɔkɔɔ a emu dɔ, a ɛyɛ nwonwa wɔ quartz ahwehwɛ matrix a emu da hɔ so | Mfonini no fie: Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com – CC-BY-SA-3.0

Hubnerite Bo ne Ne Bo

Esiane sɛ ɛho yɛ na wɔ gua so nti, faceted hubnerite aboɔden abo betumi ayɛ nea ne bo yɛ den, nanso ɛsono kakra. Faceted hubnerites carat biara bo fi bɛyɛ dɔla 30 kosi bɛboro dɔla 3,000 wɔ carat biara mu, nanso esiane sɛ dodow no ara nnu carat 1 nti, ɔbo biako ho ka nyinaa fi dɔla 30 kosi dɔla 340.

Hubnerite nhwɛsode ahorow a ne bo yɛ den sen biara no yɛ ahwehwɛ akɛse a ɛyɛ hann, a wɔayɛ no yiye, a mpɛn pii no efi Peru. Dodow no ara bɛn tuntum na ɛbata quartz a emu da hɔ ho. Eyinom bo bɛyɛ dɔla 400 kosi 24,000.

Mpɛn pii no, nhwɛsode ahorow a ɛwɔ mfinimfini no yɛ hubnerite ahwehwɛ nketewa a ɛwɔ quartz so, a efi bɛyɛ dɔla 40 kosi dɔla 250. Wubetumi nso anya hubnerite ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ biako a ɛyɛ fɛ a ne bo bɛyɛ dɔla 200 kosi 450.

Hubnerite nhwɛsode ahorow a ne bo yɛ den sen biara no yɛ nketewa na ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi, na efi dɔla 10 kosi dɔla 30.

Hubnerite Hwɛ ne Nsiesiei

Nea edi kan no, hubnerite wɔ awuduru ho asiane kakra esiane tungsten a ɛwɔ mu nti; nanso nyansahu nhoma ahorow ka sɛ tungsten nnuru nyɛ asiane titiriw mma nnipa.

Aboɔden abo a wɔhwɛ so yiye ho hia ma hubnerite; ne mpaapaemu a edi mũ ne ne denden a ɛba fam koraa no ma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ ebebubu na ayɛ mmerɛw.

Ɛsɛ sɛ Hubnerite agude nya nneɛma a ɛbɔ ho ban .

Fa hubnerite sie akyirikyiri fi aboɔden abo afoforo ho. Fa brɔs a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, samina a emu nyɛ den, ne nsu a ɛyɛ hyew nkutoo na ɛho tew.

Woasiesie wo ho sɛ wo ne Hubnerite Behyia?

Hubnerite nyɛ nea wonim no yiye, nanso nea ɛntaa nsi wɔ nnipa atitiriw no mu no de nea ɛyɛ soronko no ka ho ara kwa. Ɛnam asase, grounding tones ne abakɔsɛm a ɛyɛ anigyeɛ, a yɛrenka optical properties a ɛyɛ nwonwa ho asɛm, pii wɔ hɔ a yɛbɛdɔ wɔ hubnerite a ɛba fam no ho.

Kɔtɔ hubnerite ne aboɔden abo afoforo a wonnim no kɛse nnɛ!