Gadolinite Aboɔden abo: Nneɛma, Nkyerɛase, Botae & Nea Ɛkeka Ho

Gadolinite yɛ aboɔden abo a ɛyɛ tumm a wonim sɛ ɛwɔ nneɛma a ɛho yɛ na, titiriw yttrium ne cerium, na ɛyɛ aboɔden abo a edi kan a ɛho yɛ na a wɔahu pɛn. Ebia ɔbo no kɔla yɛ ahabammono kosi bruu-tuntum, nanso ɛtaa bɛn tuntum.

Wɔ mfiridwuma mu no, “gadolinite” yɛ aboɔden abo kuw bi, nanso wobetumi de edin no akyerɛ gadolinite aboɔden abo a ɛwɔ kuw yi mu no biako.

So gadolinite ho yɛ na? Aboɔden abo no ho yɛ na kakra, nanso gadolinite aboɔden abo a ɛwɔ afã horow no ho yɛ na ma ɛyɛ nwonwa, sɛ wubetumi anya nhwɛso ahorow biara a ɛwɔ afã horow koraa a.

Wo ho pere wo sɛ wubesua pii? Bra bere a yɛrehwehwɛ gadolinite ahorow, ne agyapade, abakɔsɛm, ne bo, ne nea ɛkeka ho mu no!

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Faceted Gadolinite-(Y), 2.09 ct, efi USA | Mfonini no fi: Kay Günther / G-Empire Wiase a Aboɔden abo / http://www.g-empire.de/

Ɛfa Gadolinite Ɔbo ho

Gadolinite (wɔbɔ no GAD-uh-lin-eyet) yɛ aboɔden abo a ne bo yɛ den a ɛyɛ ahabammono kosi tuntum a ɛho yɛ na yiye nanso ɛyɛ aboɔden abo a ɛntaa nsi. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔfrɛ ɔbo no “ytterbite,” titiriw ma gadolinite a yttrium wom, a ɛno ne gadolinite a edi kan a wohuu no.

Wɔtaa de asɛmfua “gadolinite” di dwuma sɛ asɛmfua a ɛne gadolinite a ɛwɔ cerium — gadolinite-(Ce) — ne gadolinite a yttrium wom — gadolinite-(Y) yɛ ade koro.

Gadolinite a Wɔde Di Dwuma

Gadolinite su a ɛda nsow sen biara ne sɛ ɛwɔ nneɛma a ɛho yɛ na — nneɛma 17 a ɛho hia, niche uses. Nneɛma a ɛho yɛ na a “ɛyɛ hare” ne “ɛyɛ duru” nyinaa betumi ayɛ aboɔden abo no, titiriw cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, yttrium, ne gadolinium kakraa bi.

Ɛwom sɛ yttrium ne neodymium fi aboɔden abo te sɛ monazite ne bastnaesite mu titiriw de, nanso gadolinite yɛ ade a emu yɛ den a wobetumi anya daakye.

Wɔ nneɛma a ɛyɛ hare a ɛho yɛ na a ɛwɔ gadolinite mu no, neodymium na wɔde di dwuma kɛse. Nea wɔde di dwuma titiriw ne sɛ wɔyɛ magnet (magnet a ano yɛ den sen biara a wonim), a ɛho hia wɔ ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri nketewa pii (te sɛ telefon), nnuruyɛ mfiri, ne kar afã horow a anyinam ahoɔden wom mu.

Yttrium yɛ ade titiriw a ɛwɔ:

• Aluminium ne magnesium a wɔde afra a ɛyɛ den

• Phosphors a wɔde di dwuma wɔ LED akanea & LCD screens (a abakɔsɛm mu cathode tubes a ɛwɔ television mu ka ho)

• Ɛlektrode ahorow

• Ahwehwɛ mfoninitwa afiri a ɛko tia ɔhyew ne ahodwiriw

• Nneɛma a ɛma anyinam ahoɔden

• Nneɛma a ɛma nneɛma yɛ kɛse

• Kokoram ayaresa ahorow bi

• Laser ahorow a wɔde twa dade

• Microwave radar sensor a wɔde yiyi nneɛma mu

• Catalyst a wɔde yɛ polyethylene plastic

• Ɛlektrɔnik mfiri a wɔde yiyi nneɛma mu

Ɛno akyi no, gadolinite wɔ aboɔden abo afoforo a ɛho hia a ɛka nneɛma a ɛho yɛ na a ɛwɔ hɔ no ho.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Gadolinite-(Y) a efi Norway | Mfonini no fi: Leon Hupperichs, CC-BY-SA-3.0

Gadolinite Nkyerɛkyerɛmu & Su ahorow

Sɛ́ silicate a wɔde dade, beryllium, ne nneɛma a ɛho yɛ na na ɛyɛ no, wɔkyerɛw gadolinite nnuru a wɔde yɛ adwuma no nyinaa sɛ (Ce,La,Nd,Y)2Fe2+Be2Si2O10 anaa (Ce,La,Nd,Y)2FeBe2O2(SiO4)2 . Nanso ɛsono sɛnea gadolinite mineral biara yɛ (ɛno ho nsɛm pii wɔ ɔfã a edi hɔ no mu).

Nea ɛda nsow ne sɛ, gadolinites binom kura uranium ne/anaasɛ thorium kakraa bi, radioactive elements a ebetumi ama wɔayɛ metamict (altered properties & diminished crystal structure from radioactive decay over time).

Gadolinite akuw abiɛsa na ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wuhu ho asɛm. Efi kɛse so kosi ketewaa so: gadolinite kuw kɛse (GSG), gadolinite kuw, ne gadolinite kuw ketewaa.

GSG no bi ne arsenates, silicates, ne phosphates. Wɔakyekyɛ mu ayɛ no gadolinite kuw ne herderite kuw.

Gadolinite kuw no wɔ minerals a Si4+ na ɛwɔ mu kɛse, bere a herderite kuw no wɔ phosphorus ne/anaasɛ arsenic pentavalent ions a ɛwɔ tumi kɛse.

Efi hɔ no, wɔtetew gadolinite kuw no mu yɛ no datolite kuw ketewa ne gadolinite kuw ketewa . Datolite kuw ketewa no wɔ divalent cations a ɛwɔ tumi kɛse, bere a gadolinite kuw ketewa no wɔ trivalent cations a ɛwɔ tumi kɛse.

Wɔ gadolinite kuw ketewa no mu no, aboɔden abo 10 na ɛwɔ hɔ.

Mmiɛnsa wɔ edin “gadolinite-” a cation a ɛwɔ ahoɔden abiɛsa titiriw di akyi — cerium (Ce), neodymium (Nd), anaa yttrium (Y). Gadolinite-Y nso wɔ hydroxide analogue a wɔammɔ din.

Sɛ yɛka sɛ “gadolinite minerals” wɔ akwankyerɛ yi mu a, yɛreka wɔn a wɔwɔ gadolinite kuw ketewa no mu ho asɛm, titiriw wɔn a wɔwɔ “gadolinite” wɔ wɔn din mu.

Gadolinite ahwehwɛ betumi ayɛ prismatic, rough, ne/anaasɛ coarse. Wɔtaa gyae wɔn adwuma mu. Aboɔden abo no nso ba sɛ masses, aggregates, anaa anhedral (nsusuwii a ɛnteɛ, enni ahwehwɛ anim) aburow.

Gadolinite mineral ahorow a wɔabobɔ din:

• Mohs denden : 6.5-7 (ne nyinaa) .

• Kɔla : Tuntum, ahabammono-tuntum, bruu (ne nyinaa); Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, ɛyɛ ngodua-ahabammono (Nd); Ngodua-ahabammono, sare-ahabammono, anaa kɔkɔɔ-ahabammono a ɛyɛ hann wɔ afã horow a ɛyɛ tratraa (Ce anaa Y) .

• Ahwehwɛ nhyehyɛe : Monoclinic (ne nyinaa); Amorphous sɛ metamict a

• Luster : Vitreous (ne nyinaa); Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, ɛyɛ srade (Y); Ɛtɔ da bi a, adamantine anaa sub-adamantine (Nd) .

• Nneɛma a ɛda adi pefee : Translucent (Ce); Ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee, ɛntaa nsi koraa wɔ asinasin a ɛyɛ tratraa (Y) mu; Nneɛma a ɛda adi pefee (Nd) .

• Refractive index : Ne nyinaa mu no, ɛsono 1.77-1.82 anaasɛ ɛboro anohyeto so; 1.78-1.81 (Ce & Nd) na ɛwɔ hɔ; 1.77-1.82 (Y) na ɛwɔ hɔ.

• Density : Ne nyinaa mu no, ɛsono 4.0-4.86; 4.20 (metamict) a wɔde di dwuma; 4.36-4.77 (Y) na ɛwɔ hɔ; 4.86 (Nd) na ɛwɔ hɔ; 4.20 (Ce) .

• Cleavage : Biara nni hɔ

• Abubuw : Conchoidal (ne nyinaa); Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, mpaapaemu (Y) .

• Streak : Ɛyɛ fitaa-ahabammono anaasɛ ahabammono-akuturuku (Y & Ce); Fitaa (Nd) .

• Luminescence : Metamict nhwɛsode - ɛtɔ mmere bi a thermoluminescence a ɛte sɛ pyrognomic su (recrystallization ntɛmntɛm a ɛma incandescence ba bere a wɔayɛ no hyew) .

• Pleochroism : Biara nni hɔ

• Birefringence : Biara nni hɔ (metamict); Ɛsono 0.01-0.05 (ne nyinaa); 0.030 (Ce & Nd) na ɛwɔ hɔ; 0.050 (Y) .

• Apete : Ɛyɛ den/ɛda nsow (Y & Nd); Nea wonnim (Ce) .

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Gadolinite-(Y) ahwehwɛ a efi Slobrekka a wotu mu. Wɔde akyerɛ wɔ Iceland kuropɔn no aboɔden abo a wɔaboaboa ano wɔ Åkle (wɔakyerɛ ase afi Norway kasa mu) | Mfonini no fi Ronald Werner, CC-BY-SA-4.0

Gadolinite Ahorow Ahorow

Wɔabobɔ gadolinite minerals a ɛwɔ gadolinite kuw ketewa no mu no nsusuwii ahorow wɔ ase ha. Ebia ɛsono ebinom sɛnea Amanaman Ntam Aboɔden abo Fekuw (IMA) kyerɛ no.

• Gadolinite-(Ce) : Cerium na ɛwɔ mu kɛse; Nsusuwii Fe2+Be2Ce3+2(SiO4)2O2 anaa Ce2Fe2+Be2O2(SiO4)2 a efi IMA mu

• Gadolinite-(Nd) : Neodymium na ɛwɔ mu kɛse; Nd2Fe2+Be2O2(SiO4)2

• Gadolinite-(Y) : Yttrium na ɛwɔ mu kɛse; Y2Fe2+Be2Si2O10 anaa Y2Fe2+Be2O2(SiO4)2 a efi IMA mu

Aboɔden abo afoforo a ɛwɔ kuw ketewa no mu ne:

• Calcybeborosilite-(Y) a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu.

• Hinganite-(Ce) 1000. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so.

• Hinggadnite-(Nd) a ɛwɔ hɔ no.

• Hinganite-(Y) 1000.

• Hinganite-(Yb) na ɛyɛ .

• Minasgeraisite-(Y) a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu.

• Wɔammɔ din (OH-analogue a ɛne Gadolinite-(Y)) .

Ne nyinaa yɛ monoclinic gye minasgeraisite-(Y).

Gadolinite Abakɔsɛm

Gadolinite yɛ aboɔden abo a edi kan pii, sɛnea aboɔden abo a edi kan a ɛho yɛ na a wɔahu pɛn ne nea ɛde aduru a edi kan a ɛho yɛ na a wohuu, yttrium, bae no.

Hena na ohuu gadolinite? Carl Axel Arrhenius , Sweden asraafo panyin ne asase ho nimdefo a ɔyɛ amateur, na odii kan huu no wɔ 1787 mu, na ohui wɔ Ytterby, Sweden.

Ɔde maa Swedenni-Finlandni nnuruyɛfo Johan Gadolin sɛ ɔnhwehwɛ mu. Gadolin tintim ne nhwehwɛmu no wɔ 1794 mu, na ɔde too gua sɛ oxide bi a wonnim (a na wɔfrɛ no “asase” saa bere no) na ɛyɛ aboɔden abo no (ɔha biara mu nkyem 38).

(Germanni nnuruyɛfo Friedrich Wöhler dii kan yii yttrium fii mu wɔ 1828 mu.)

Wɔ 1797 mu no, Swedenni nnuruyɛfo Anders Gustaf Ekeberg yɛɛ nhwɛsode foforo a yttrium pii mpo wom mu nhwehwɛmu. Ekeberg too ade foforo no din “ytria” ne ɔbo no din “ytterbite.”

Nanso, nnuruyɛfo baanu no nyinaa too beryllium din a ɛnteɛ wɔ aduru no mu sɛ aluminium efisɛ wɔanhu beryllium kosii 1798. Ekeberg yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu foforo. Wɔ 1800 mu no, Germanni nnuruyɛfo Martin Heinrich Klaproth nso yɛɛ aboɔden abo no mu nhwehwɛmu na ɔsesaa ne din “gadolinite” de hyɛɛ Gadolin anuonyam.

Wɔ 1880 mu no, Switzerlandni nnuruyɛfo Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac huu element a wɔfrɛ no gadolinium bere a na ɔreyɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ gadolinium ne cerite a wɔde hwɛ sɛnea nneɛma te no mu no. Ɔde gadolinite din too no “gadolinia.”

Gadolinite Biara a Wohui

IMA no sesaa gadolinite a edi kan no din gadolinite-(Y) wɔ 1987. Eyi de gyinapɛn a wɔde bɛto gadolinite ahorow biara a wohuu no din sii hɔ sɛ:

• Gadolinite-(Ce) : Wodii kan huu no wɔ Norway, 1978; Wɔpenee so wɔ 1987 mu

• Gadolinite-(Nd) : Wɔbɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ afe 2008 ne 2010 mu; Wɔpenee so wɔ afe 2016 mu; Wɔdii kan too din wɔ aban kwan so maa nhwɛsoɔ a ɛfiri Sweden wɔ afe 2018 mu

Wɔ metaphysical fã no, dɛn ne gadolinite ayaresa so mfaso?

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Euhedral gadolinite ahwehwɛ kɛse | Mfonini no fi: Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com – CC-BY-SA-3.0

Gadolinite Ayaresa Nneɛma

Sɛ́ ɔbo a ɛtaa yɛ tuntum a ɛsa yare no , nea gadolinite kyerɛ no da sɛnea aboɔden abo tuntum afoforo bɔ ho ban na ɛma fam no adi . Wobetumi de gadolinite ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ ahabammono anaa tuntum adi dwuma sɛ ntini anaa koma chakra abo .

Mfaso afoforo a wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛwɔ gadolinite aboɔden abo mu no bi ne:

• Nkate a ɛkari pɛ

• Nsakrae, nkɔso, ne nkɔso a wɔbɛhyɛ ho nkuran

• Ahobammɔ a wɔde bɛma afi nneɛma bɔne ho

• Ɛyaw a enni sabea a wɔsa

• Honhom mu nimdeɛ a wɔbɛma ayɛ mmerɛw

Gadolinite Aboɔden abo Nneɛma a Ɛwɔ Hɔ

gadolinite aboɔden aboɔ boɔ a wɔde hyɛ mu no nni hɔ. Yɛbɛda so ara aka sɛnea nneɛma a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ no fa gadolinite ho no ho asɛm:

• Kɔla : Gadolinite nhwɛsode pii yɛ tuntum anaasɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛyɛ tuntum, nanso gadolinite a ɛyɛ ahabammono som bo kɛse.

• Twitwa : Gadolinite biara a wɔatwa no ho yɛ na, titiriw aboɔden abo a ɛwɔ afã horow . Nanso, wobetumi de gadolinite nneɛma akɛse atwitwa cabochons . Gadolinite dodow no ara a wɔtɔn no yɛ basabasa, na saa bere no mpo, suban a ɛyɛ fɛ ho yɛ na.

• Nneɛma a ɛda adi pefee : Nneɛma a ɛda adi pefee no ntaa mma wɔ gadolinites mu, na ɛhyɛ sɛ ɛsom bo a ɛkorɔn.

• Carat Weight & Size : Gadolinites biara a ɛwɔ afã horow no bɛyɛ nketewa, sɛ yɛhwɛ sɛnea ɛntaa nyɛ nea ɛda adi a. Masses ama cabochons a emu duru yɛ nkaribo pii aba. Ahwehwɛ akɛse no fi Norway, ne tenten bɛyɛ sɛntimita 36, ​​nanso gadolinite ahwehwɛ dodow no ara yɛ sɛntimita 1-2.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Gadolinite-(Y) aburow tuntum a ɛwɔ feldspar a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a efi Norway mu; Field of view 2cm | Mfonini no fi: © Zbynek Burival / Mineralexpert.org / (CC-BY-SA-4.0)

Gadolinite Nkyekyɛmu & Nneɛma a Ɛfiri Hɔ

Gadolinite wɔ pegmatites mu kɛse, titiriw granite ne syenite pegmatites.

Wohu nso wɔ baabi a basalt ne monzonite di nkitaho.

Mmeae a Wɔtu Tuo

Ɛhe na wohu gadolinite? Wohu gadolinite ahwehwɛ a eye sen biara wɔ Norway.

Nneɛma afoforo a ɛda nsow a wonya gadolinite ne:

• Australia

• Greenland na ɛwɔ hɔ

• Japan

• Russia

• Sweden

• Switzerland

• USA (Texas & Colorado) na ɛwɔ hɔ.

Wɔahu ntini akɛse (a ɛkɔ soro kodu 60 lbs) wɔ Texas, U.S.A.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Tom Udø (1972-2018) tumi siesiee saa ahwehwɛ yi wɔ beae bi a wotu fagude wɔ Frikstad, Iveland. Wɔtwee mfonini a wɔde asisi gyinabea bi a ɛwɔ Tom ɔyɛkyerɛ no fasu so. Ná kanea no yɛ den, na mfonini no nyɛ nea eye sen biara koraa. (wɔakyerɛ ase afi Norway kasa mu) | Mfonini no fi Ronald Werner, CC-BY-SA-4.0

Gadolinite Bo & Ne Bo

Mpɛn pii no, aboɔden abo a ɛwɔ gadolinite a ɛwɔ afã horow a wɔtɔn no yɛ gadolinite a wɔde afrafra aboɔden abo afoforo, mpɛn pii no yttrofluorite. Eyinom bo bɛyɛ dɔla 20 kosi 30 wɔ carat biara mu, anaasɛ ne nyinaa bo bɛyɛ dɔla 40 kosi 85.

Gadolinite dodow no ara a ɛwɔ hɔ no yɛ nea ɛyɛ mmerɛw (wɔntwitwaa).

Mpɛn pii no wubehu gadolinite a ɛyɛ den a ne bo bɛyɛ dɔla 30 kosi 75 biara. Nhwɛsode a ɛwɔ soro no betumi adu dɔla 950.

Gadolinite Hwɛ ne Nsiesiei

Nea edi kan koraa no, gadolinite — titiriw gadolinite-(Y) ne gadolinite-(Ce) — taa yɛ radioactive kakra efisɛ ebetumi ayɛ uranium ne thorium. Nea ɛka ho no, ɛwɔ asiane foforo a ɛba fam a efi asase mu nneɛma a wɔntaa nhu a ɛwɔ hɔ no mu ba.

Sɛnea ɛte no, ɛsɛ sɛ wudi yɛn afotu a ɛfa sɛnea wubedi abohene a awuduru wom ne nea ɛma radioactive ho dwuma bere a woredi gadolinite ho dwuma anaa wode sie no akyi.

Wɔ aboɔden abo a wɔhwɛ so ho no , gadolinite tumi nwura acid mu, enti ma ɛntwe ne ho mfi saa nneɛma no ho. Fa sie ade a wɔato mu mu a ɛda nsow wɔ aboɔden abo afoforo ho.

Woretwe Adwene Akɔ Gadolinite So?

Ebia gadolinite nyɛ ɔbo a ɛyɛ fɛ sen biara, nanso ɛboro nea aniwa hyia so. Sɛ worehwehwɛ ɔbo soronko bi a nneɛma a wɔntaa nhu ne abakɔsɛm pii wom a, gadolinite ka wo nneɛma a woaboaboa ano no ho!

Kɔtɔ gadolinite aboɔden abo nnɛ!