Cryolite Gemstone: Nneɛma, Nkyerɛase, Botae & Nea Ɛkeka Ho

Cryolite yɛ halide-kuw a ɛho yɛ na, fitaa anaasɛ enni kɔla a efi Greenland. Mpɛn pii no, aboɔden abo no te sɛ nsukyenee nanso ɛyɛ ade a obi a ɔboaboa ano no ani gye ho sɛ obehu mmom sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ aboɔden abo a wɔde yɛ agude.

Ɛmfa ho sɛ wɔamfa asiesie ɔbo yi de, nanso adi dwuma titiriw wɔ abakɔsɛm mu. Sɛ ɛnyɛ cryolite a, anka aluminium renyɛ dade a wɔyɛe sen biara wɔ 1900 mfe no mu no mu biako, na ɛboa ma wodii nkonim wɔ akodi ahorow mu na mpo wɔmaa wimhyɛn a edi kan no tu!

Wopɛ sɛ wuhu pii? Bra bere a yɛrehu ahintasɛm a ɛwɔ cryolite a wɔde di dwuma, abakɔsɛm, bo a ɛsom, ne nea ɛkeka ho akyi no!

Mfonini no fi: Didier Descouens, Cryolite – topotype -Kan nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano wɔ Faculty of Pharmacy of Paris | Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Tumi krataa a wɔmfa nkɔ

Dɛn Ne Cryolite Ɔbo?

Cryolite ne aboɔden abo a ɛsom bo fã bi a wɔfrɛ no fluorite no wɔ abusuabɔ. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a nyansahufo de fluorite di dwuma de yɛ cryolite a wɔayɛ.

Abɔde mu cryolite betumi ayɛ nea enni kɔla, fitaa, kɔkɔɔ, kɔkɔɔ, anaa tuntum. Nsoromma mu ahwɛfo kamfo kyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ nsoromma mu hwɛ bo ma mframa mu sɛnkyerɛnne Gemini ne Aquarius.

Cryolite wɔ mfiridwuma mu nneɛma pii a wɔde di dwuma, te sɛ:

• Ogyaframa (ɛma ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ) .

• Glass (ɛma ɛyɛ fitaa & opaque, abakɔsɛm mu agye din ma prosthetic aniwa)

• Nnuru a wɔde kum nkoekoemmoa & nnuru a wɔde kum nkoekoemmoa

• Enamel & dɔte (filler wɔ bonded abrasive & glazes) .

Nanso, nea wɔde di dwuma titiriw ne sɛ wobeyi aluminium.

Cryolite a Wɔde Yi Aluminium

Wɔ 1800 mfe no mfiase mu hɔ no, nyansahufo de anyinam ahoɔden a wɔde twitwiw abotan bauxite a aluminium pii wom no dii dwuma de tetew aluminium no mu. Nea ɛka anyinam ahoɔden a wɔsɛe no ho ne sɛ wɔma ade no nwene na wɔde anyinam ahoɔden fa mu.

Nea ɛyɛ awerɛhow no, na bauxite hia ɔhyew a ɛkorɔn yiye na ama ayɛ hyew — ɛkorɔn dodo sɛ wɔbɛyɛ no a ɛho ka sua.

Nanso, sɛ wɔde cryolite a wɔabɔ no ka ho a, ɛma nea ɛbɔ no so tew, ɛma nsu a ɛkɔ mu no yɛ kɛse, na ɛboa ma wɔtetew mu (ɛpete), na ɛma anyinam ahoɔden a wɔde twitwiw aluminium no yɛ nea ne bo nyɛ den na ɛyɛ adwuma yiye.

Cryolite Nkyerɛkyerɛmu & Su ahorow

Cryolite nhyehyɛe no ne Na3AlF6, a wɔakyerɛw no sɛ sodium aluminium fluoride anaa sodium hexafluoroaluminate. Aluminium yɛ cryolite ɔha biara mu nkyem 13.

Saa aboɔden abo yi wɔ halide kuw no mu ka fluorite, sylvite, ne halite ho. Aboɔden abo a ɛwɔ kuw yi mu yɛ halogen nkyene, a ɛkyerɛ nkyene a wɔbɔ bere a sodium, fluoride, ne/anaasɛ hydrochloric acid ne dade bi yɛ adwuma no.

Cryolite taa yɛ granular masses. Ebetumi nso ayɛ prismatic ahwehwɛ nketewa, ɛwom sɛ eyinom ho yɛ na de. Nwansena ahorow ahorow nso abu so.

Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ bere nyinaa na kɔla afoforo a ɛwɔ ɔbo no so no fi aboɔden abo a wɔde ahyɛ mu mu , te sɛ kɔbere kɔkɔɔ a efi pyrite mu anaasɛ kɔkɔɔ-biribiri a efi sphalerite mu .

Cryolite mineral ahorow pii ni:

• Mohs denden : 2.5-3

• Kɔla : Mpɛn pii no, enni kɔla kosi fitaa; Ebetumi ayɛ bruu, kɔkɔɔ, anaa kɔkɔɔ kakra; Ɛntaa nyɛ kɔkɔɔ, fitaa, anaa tuntum

• Ahwehwɛ nhyehyɛe : Monoclinic

• Luster : Vitreous (ahwehwɛ) kosi srade, ahwehwɛ wɔ [001] so.

• Transparency : Ɛyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee; Ɛntaa nyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee

• Nneɛma a ɛma nneɛma yɛ mmerɛw : 1.338-1.339

• Nnipa dodow : 2.95-3.00

• Cleavage : Biara nni hɔ, nanso ɛpaapae wɔ akwan 3 so (pseudo-cubic cleavage) .

• Fracture : Ɛnyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ

• Streak : Ɛyɛ fitaa

• Luminescence : Ɔhyew a ɛyɛ mmerɛw (ɔhyew a ɛhyerɛn); Ɛtɔ da bi a fluorescence & phosphorescence - kɔkɔɔ a ɛhyerɛn wɔ SW-UV mu & kɔkɔɔ a ɛyɛ hann wɔ LW-UV mu; Canadafo nhwɛsode ahorow bi yɛ bruu a ɛyɛ hann wɔ SW-UV mu

Nneɛma a ɛyɛ anigye sen biara a cryolite wɔ no biako ne sɛnea wontumi nhu no wɔ nsu mu.

Wɔ 1.338 mu no, cryolite no refractive index no bɛn nsu de no yiye (1.333). Enti, sɛ wɔde cryolite a enni kɔla bɛhyɛ nsu mu a, ɛbɛma ayɛ te sɛ nea wontumi nhu, te sɛ nea ayera mpofirim.

Saa anwanwadeɛ a esii yi dii dwuma wɔ mfitiaseɛ cryolite ahwehwɛ nteaseɛ no mu.

Cryolite Nkyerɛase & Abakɔsɛm

Bere tenten ansa na wɔrehu no wɔ aban kwan so no, na wonim Greenland cryolite wɔ Inuitfo a wɔyɛ kurom hɔfo no mu, na na wɔato din “nsukyenee a ɛnwoso da.”

Bio nso, na wogye di sɛ cryolite ahintasɛm “yera” afã a ɛwɔ nsu mu no kyerɛ sɛ asɛmmɔne ne adwennwen betumi ayera bere koro mu.

Ɛnnɛ, cryolite yɛ hann, nsakrae, ne honhom fam nneɛma ho sɛnkyerɛnne.

Edin “cryolite” no fi Hela asɛmfua cryos a ɛkyerɛ “nsukyenee” mu. Nsusuwii gu ahorow wɔ nnyinaso no so — wɔaka sɛnea ɛte sɛ nsukyenee, nea wohui wɔ Greenland a ɛhɔ yɛ nwini, ne tumi a aboɔden abo no tumi nwene te sɛ nkyene nsu a ayɛ nwini wɔ afiri a wɔde bɔ mframa ase no nyinaa ho asɛm.

Aban Asoɛe a Edi Kan a Wohui

Cryolite ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu a edi kan a aban mpanyimfo kaa ho asɛm no bae wɔ 1799. Ná Denmark oduruyɛfo Peder Christian Abildgaard wɔ Ivittuut (saa bere no na ɛyɛ Ivigtut), Greenland, wɔ 1798. Ohuu aboɔden abo soronko bi a “ɛte sɛ spar” na ɔsan de baa Denmark.

Abildgaard kyerɛw amanneɛbɔ bi faa aboɔden abo foforo no ho, na otintimii wɔ General Journal of Chemistry (a wɔkyerɛɛ ase fii German kasa mu) a ɛbae wɔ 1799 mu no mu, na ɔde maa Denmark Ahemman Nyansahu Kuw no sɛ “cryolite” wɔ mfe kakraa bi akyi.

Britania mfiridwumayɛfo a J. W. Taylor dii wɔn anim fii ase tutuu adwuma wɔ Ivittuut saa afe no ara mu nanso wɔhwehwɛɛ kɔbere ne dwetɛ. Ná eyi yɛ mmɔdenbɔ a ɛsow aba nanso ankyɛ.

Mfonini no: Mfonini a efi kratafa 36 wɔ "Cranberries; : ɔman no cranberry nsɛmma nhoma" (1936) | Ɔkyerɛwfo: Portland, CT [ne nea ɛkeka ho. ] : Taylor Nhomakorabea. Co. [ne nea ɛkeka ho. ] .

Cryolite a ɛkɔ soro ma Aluminium

Mfiase no, na cryolite yɛ aluminium fibea ketewaa bi ne ade a wɔde yɛ sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) nkutoo. Nanso ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔ bere a wohuu cryolite akyi mfe ɔha no, awiei koraa no, wɔde cryolite dii dwuma kɛse. Dɛn na wɔde cryolite dii dwuma? Aluminium a wɔreyi afi mu!

Ɛbaa sɛ nnuruyɛfo baanu, Charles Martin ne Paul Héroult, huu mfaso a ɛwɔ cryolite so sɛ nsu a ɛkɔ mu a wɔde yi aluminium wɔ 1886. Wɔfrɛɛ no ​​Hall–Héroult kwan, na saa ade a wohui yi maa cryolite yɛɛ nea ɛho nhia.

Bere bi na aluminum yɛ dade a wɔntaa nhu na ne bo yɛ den, na ne bo yɛ mmerɛw na wotumi nyae sen bere biara. Wɔ ofie nneɛma atitiriw akyi no, na nea ɛda nsow sɛ wɔde di dwuma wɔ wimhyɛn mu, efisɛ na aluminium dade kyɛ nanso na emu yɛ hare.

Bere a Wright Anuanom no yɛɛ wɔn wimhyɛn a agye din wɔ 1903 mu akyi — wɔ wimhyɛn a ne kɛse yɛ aluminium mu — dade no bɛyɛɛ nea ɛsom bo kɛse wɔ wimhyɛn mu, na wonyaa abodin “dade a ɛwɔ ntaban.”

Na cryolite a wɔde yi aluminium no som bo araa ma, na U.S. asraafo de Ivittuut atuo no hwɛɛ so denneennen wɔ WWII mu de bɔɔ wimhyɛn no mu nneɛma ho ban fii Germany ho.

Cryolite a Wɔde Nneɛma Ayɛ ne Mineral Depletion

Bere a aluminium a wɔhwehwɛ no yɛɛ kɛse no, ɛbɛdaa adi pefee sɛ abɔde mu cryolite rentumi nkɔ so, enti nyansahufo fii ase bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛyɛ no. Wɔ 1933 mu no, Soviet nyansahufo huu sɛnea wɔbɛyɛ cryolite a wɔde nneɛma ayɛ, na ɛmaa ɛkɔɔ so yɛɛ nea abu so wɔ mfiridwuma mu.

Wɔkɔɔ so tutuu fam wɔ Greenland akorae no kosii 1987, bere a nea wɔde di gua no sae. Efi 1960 rekɔ no, cryolite no mu nea etwa to no kɔɔ Air Greenland wimhyɛn adwumakuw a wɔatew no foforo no nkyɛn.

Sɛnea (abɔde mu) cryolite fii ade a ɛsakra nneɛma mu bɛyɛɛ nea ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛyerae no, saa ara na Ivittuut fii cryolite a wotu a ɛho hia sen biara wɔ wiase no mu kɔɔ kurow a ɛyɛ ahonhonsɛmdi a wɔagyaw hɔ.

Nea eye ne sɛ, yɛda so ara wɔ cryolite a wɔayɛ no pii nnɛ, na enhia sɛ wowɔ wimhyɛn mu ansa na wode saa ahwehwɛ yi adi dwuma de asa yare!

Mfonini no fi: Ra'ike | GNU Free Nwoma Tumi Krataa

Cryolite Ayaresa Nneɛma

Ahwehwɛ a wɔayɛ ne abɔde mu ahwehwɛ nyinaa betumi ayɛ adwuma sɛ abo a ɛsa yare .

Cryolite wɔ su horow a ɛte sɛ aboɔden abo fitaa afoforo , a wogye di sɛ ɛma ahoɔden a ɛtew ho a ɛma kari pɛ na ɛma honhom mu nneɛma kɔ so. Nokwarem no, wɔka ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ ahwehwɛ a “ɛwosow kɛse,” a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ne tumi no mu yɛ den araa ma ɛma wote nka ntɛm ara.

Enti, dɛn ne cryolite ayaresa tumi ahorow?

Nipadua mu Ayaresa

Mfaso ahorow bi a wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛwɔ honam fam cryolite ahwehwɛ mu no bi ne sɛ ɛboa ma kasa mu akwanside ahorow na ɛma nipadua no dwumadi yɛ yiye. Wɔkyerɛ nso sɛ ɛkanyan amemene no, na ɛma adesua yɛ mmerɛw ma wɔn a wɔpere sɛ wɔbɛte nsɛm ase anaasɛ wɔbɛkora so no.

Nkate mu Ayaresa

Wɔkyerɛ sɛ cryolite boa wo ma wudi ehu so denam wo nipasu ankasa a wubehu na woagye w’ahoɔden atom no so. Crystal ayaresafo de di dwuma de ma wo ho a wohu no yɛ kɛse, ɛma wotumi yɛ adebɔ, na woyi suban anaa gyidi ahorow a ɛnsom wo bio no fi hɔ.

Chakra Ayaresa

Ahwehwɛ nyinaa betumi ayɛ adwuma sɛ chakra abo a ɛde n’ani si ahoɔden mfinimfini (chakra) a wɔasiw ano de siesie nsunsuanso bɔne a efi mu ba no. Cryolite tu mpɔn titiriw ma aniwa chakra a ɛto so abiɛsa no.

Aniwa a ɛto so abiɛsa a ɛwɔ wo moma so mfinimfini no di nkate ne honhom mu nyansa so. Sɛ wɔasiw ano a, ebia worennya adwene ne akwankyerɛ. Sɛ wode cryolite di dwuma de bue chakra no a, ebetumi ama woanya atirimpɔw ne nhumu.

Honhom mu Ayaresa

Sɛ́ ahwehwɛ a “ɛwosow kɛse” no, wɔkamfo cryolite kyerɛ sɛ wɔmfa nsusuw nneɛma ho na ama adwene, koma, ne honhom ayɛ biako.

Honhom mu adwumayɛfo nso de cryolite di dwuma de ne abɔde a wɔkorɔn di nkitaho na wɔhyɛ abɔde mu ahonhonsɛmdi tumi ahorow ho nkuran ma epue.

Cryolite Aboɔden abo Nneɛma a Ɛwɔ Hɔ

Sɛnea wunim no, sɛ wɔde cryolite nni dwuma sɛ aboɔden abo a, wɔntaa mfa nni dwuma sɛ aboɔden abo a. Ɛwom sɛ wɔayɛ ahwehwɛ kakraa bi faceted , nanso nneɛma no abɛyɛ nea ɛho yɛ na dodo mprempren. Nneɛma biara a ɛbɛka no bɛma wɔanya aboɔden abo a ɛwɔ afã nketenkete paa nkutoo.

Cryolite a wɔayɛ mpo wɔ brɛoo na ɛyɛ mmerɛw te sɛ abɔde mu nneɛma, na ɛma ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ so te sɛ ade a wɔde boa. Mpɛn pii no, wubehu cryolite ahwehwɛ anaa nhwɛsode ahorow wɔ nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano mu, ɛwom sɛ ebia amanaman ntam nnwumakuw de bɛyɛ agude bi de.

Wɔ asɛmti a ɛfa nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma ho no, ɔkwan biara so no, ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔyɛ cryolite a wɔde yɛ nneɛma?

Nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma

Mpɛn pii no, wɔde aluminium hydroxide ne hydrofluoric acid na efi ase yɛ cryolite a wɔayɛ no granular. Wɔn baanu no yɛ wɔn ade, na ɛma acid foforo ba. Afei, wɔde sodium chloride sesa acid a wɔayɛ no foforo no ma ɛbɛyɛ sodium nkyene. Voila! Cryolite a wɔde ayɛ nneɛma.

Afei, ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔyɛ cryolite ankasa ?

Mfonini no fie: Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com – CC-BY-SA-3.0

Cryolite Formation & Nneɛma a Wɔde Yɛ Adwuma

Cryolite a efi Greenland no yɛɛ granite pegmatite bi mu a aboɔden abo afoforo pii a wɔntaa nhu ka ho, ne siderite ne galena a dade pii wom. Ebetumi nso ayɛ wɔ abotan a alkaline wom mu.

Sɛ́ nkyene no, cryolite ba bere a nkyene nsu (sɛ́ efi atare anaa po mu) yɛ nwini no. Wobɛtaa ahu minerals te sɛ siderite wɔ cryolite mu anaa atifi.

Mmeae a Wɔtu Tuo

So wɔda so ara tu cryolite? Wɔ kakraa bi mu no, yiw. Ɛwom sɛ wɔkae sɛ Greenland sika a wɔde asie no “ayera wɔ aguadi mu” wɔ 1980 mfe no mu de, nanso kakraa bi na ɛwɔ mmeae afoforo.

Ɛnde, ɛhe na wohu cryolite?

• Brazil

• Canada

• Namibia na ɛwɔ hɔ

• Russia

• Spain

• U.S.A. (Colorado, Virginia) na ɛwɔ hɔ.

Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ woda so ara betumi anya cryolite ahwehwɛ! Nanso cryolite bo yɛ ahe?

Cryolite Bo & Ne Bo

Ɛwom sɛ ɛntaa nsi de, nanso cryolite da so ara yɛ nea ne bo yɛ den yiye. Sɛ efi Greenland a, cryolite ahwehwɛ a wɔtɔn no bo yɛ den, na ahwehwɛ nketewa no fi $100-$600.

Cryolite ahwehwɛ a efi Greenland akyi no taa yɛ $12-$50. Abo a wɔahwe ase no yɛ nea ɛho nhia pii mpo, na mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ $10-$30. Nhwɛsode a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no gyina aboɔden abo afoforo a ɛwɔ hɔ so, nanso eyinom taa gye dɔla 15-100.

Cryolite Hwɛ ne Nsiesiei

Ebia wɔn a wonim asiane a ɛwɔ fluoride mu wɔ dodow a ɛkɔ soro mu no bebisa sɛ: so cryolite yɛ awuduru? Kakraa bi. U.S. EPA bu cryolite sɛ “ɛhyɛ abufuw a ɛkɔ fam” nanso tebea a ɛyɛ hu ankasa bɛyɛ sɛ wɔde cryolite powder bɛyɛ adwuma wɔ ɔhyew ase.

Afei, momma yɛnka aboɔden abo a wɔhwɛ so ho asɛm . Ɛwom sɛ ɛrennwene wɔ nsu mu koraa de, nanso ɛtumi nwura kakra. Cryolite bɛpete koraa wɔ aluminium chloride anaa sulfuric acid aduru mu.

Ɔkwan a ahobammɔ wom sen biara a wɔfa so tew ho ne sɛ wɔde brɔs a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, nsu a ɛyɛ hyew, ne samina a emu nyɛ den bedi dwuma. Hohoro ɔbo no akyi, nanso nnyaw no wɔ nsu mu nkyɛ. Fa ntama a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a mfutuma nnim bobɔ nsu a efi ɔbo no mu no brɛoo. Kwati sɛ wobɛpetepete wo ho anaasɛ wobɛpopa.

Wo kɔn dɔ Ahwehwɛ a ɛte sɛ Cryolite?

Ɛwom sɛ nea ɛkyerɛ dodow no ara yɛ nea atwam de, nanso cryolite da so ara yɛ anwonwade a wɔmfa nyɛ hwee. Sɛ́ ebia worehwehwɛ honhom mu ahwehwɛ a ɛwɔ wosow a ano yɛ den a ɛsa yare anaasɛ ɔsesɛw ade bi a akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɛsakraa nnɛyi abakɔsɛm kwan no, cryolite ne ɔbo a ɛfata wo.

Kɔtɔ cryolite aboɔden abo nnɛ!