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Ross Sedawie
Ross Sedawie

發佈於26th Sep 2022

修改於2nd Aug 2023

Bort Gemstone: Nneɛma, Nkyerɛase, Botae & Nea Ɛkeka Ho

bort aboɔden abo Bort yɛ diamond bi a ɛnyɛ nea ɛkorɔn sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛyɛ aboɔden abo . Mmom no, wɔde di dwuma wɔ mfiridwuma mu anaasɛ wɔ aboɔden abo adwumayɛbea de yɛ adwuma wɔ abohene a ɛyɛ aboɔden abo mu.

Enti, so bort yɛ daimond bi? Yiw, ɛwom sɛ bort taa yɛ abohene a ɛnyɛ papa a wɔabɔ no asinasin anaasɛ wɔde powder ayɛ de. Bort ahwehwɛ dodow no ara yɛ tuntum na ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi.

Ɛnnɛ, yɛbɛkɔ biribiara a ɛsɛ sɛ wuhu fa ɔbo yi ho, efi bort a ɛyɛ den so kosi abakɔsɛm ne agyapade so kosi ne bo so.

bort aboɔden abo

Bort Stone ho asɛm

Wobetumi afrɛ bort mineral no bort, boart, anaa boort. Edin dedaw biako a wɔde frɛ bort bi ne ballas, ɛwom sɛ wobetumi abu eyi nso sɛ bort anaa diamond ahorow de. Mfiridwuma mu abodin afoforo a wɔde frɛ bort no bi ne “daimond a wɔabubu” ne “daimond a ɛyɛ mfiridwuma mu de.”

Diamond yɛ aboɔden abo a ɛsom bo , enti obi betumi aka sɛ bort nso yɛ aboɔden abo a ɛsom bo. Nanso, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wunhu bort diamond agude anaa faceted bort abo wɔ gua so de yɛ aboɔden abo sɛnea wubehu wɔ diamond ho no.

Ɛno akyi no, bort ne diamond da so ara yɛ ade koro, na ɛma bort yɛ April awo ne Aries zodiac ɔbo . Wɔ nsoromma mu hwɛ mu no, bort boa Aries a wɔn ti yɛ den saa ara no denam sɛnkyerɛnne yi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw no so na ɛma wɔn adwene mu da hɔ kakra no so.

Bio nso, wɔ mfiridwuma mu no, saa daimond ahorow yi yɛ ayeforohyia afe a ɛto so 60 ne 75 a wɔde kae ade. Ɛwom sɛ na wɔtaa yɛ diamond mfe 75 afahyɛ nkutoo de, nanso Ɔhemmaa Victoria I de kaa ho maa mfe 60 afahyɛ wɔ 1897 mu (n’afe a ɛto so 60 wɔ ahengua no so) de kaee n’ankasa “Diamond Ahosɛpɛw Afahyɛ.”

Wubetumi nso de bort anaa diamond adi dwuma de adi mfe a ɛnyɛ ayeforohyia nso! Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) yɛɛ no ​​afe 1984 na Disneyland yɛɛ no ​​afe 2015, enti adɛn nti na ɛnte saa?

Bort ne abohene a wɔtaa tu mprempren wɔ wiase no ankasa, na ɛyɛ abohene a wotu nyinaa mu bɛyɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem 70 kosi 80.

Bort a Wɔde Di Dwuma wɔ Mfiridwuma mu

Nneɛma titiriw a wɔde bort di dwuma ne aboɔden abo a wɔde twa ne nnwinnade a wɔde anyinam ahoɔden yɛ. Esiane sɛ diamond ne ade a ɛyɛ den sen biara nti, bort tumi twetwe (na ɛno nti ɛyɛ polish) aboɔden abo afoforo. Enti, wɔde di dwuma wɔ ntwahonan a wɔyam na wɔbubu de yɛ abrasives ma polishing gemstone facets.

Wɔ nnwuma a ɛkɔ akyiri mu no, wɔde bort ahwehwɛ nketewa di dwuma de yɛ drill bits ne mfiri afoforo a wɔde twa te sɛ saw. Eyi bɔ adwinnade no anoano ho ban, na ɛma ɛtra hɔ kyɛ, na ɛma wotumi fa nneɛma a ɛyɛ den mu yiye, te sɛ:

  • Rebar a ɛyɛ fɛ

  • Sɛmɛnte

  • Abo a wɔde yɛ nneɛma

  • Anituadeɛ

  • Nneɛma a wɔde yɛ dade

Bio nso, wɔmfa bort nketenkete a wɔde afrafra srade mu (sɛ nhwɛso no, paraffin ngo) nsensɛn nsu no mu, na ɛma nsu no a ɛbɔ no so tew bɛyɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem 50 sɛ wɔde toto nsu a bort asinasin no nni mu no aperepere ho a.

“Crushing bort” ne asɛmfua a wɔde gyina hɔ ma bort a ɛbɔ (big shocker there) na wɔde di dwuma wɔ grits mu de yɛ abrasion.

Sɛ yɛhwɛ ahoɔden a ɛwɔ mfiridwuma mu a, so bort mu yɛ den sen daimond? Tenacity/toughness (ade bi a ɛko tia sɛ ɛbɛbubu anaasɛ abubu) a ɛwɔ diamond ne bort nyinaa mu no yɛ brittle. Nanso, nea ɛnte sɛ diamond no, bort nni cleavage a edi mũ, enti ɛrempaepae ntɛmntɛm saa esiane ɔhwe a emu yɛ den nti.

Sɛ yɛreka su ahorow te sɛ tenacity ho asɛm a, momma yɛnka bort mineral properties ho asɛm.

bort diamond mfutuma ahwehwɛ Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Diamond mfutuma wɔ ahwehwɛ so | Mfonini no fi Granger Meador, Flickr

Bort Nkyerɛkyerɛmu & Su ahorow

Nea edi kan no, dɛn na wɔde yɛ bort? Sɛ́ daimond no, wɔde carbon nkutoo na ɛyɛ bort a wɔde C (ma, wunim, carbon) a ɛnyɛ den no na ɛyɛ.

Kɔla bɛn na wɔde bort? Egyina ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ no so. Sɛ wɔbubu no ma ɛyɛ powder a, ɛtaa yɛ fitaa kosi kɔkɔɔ. Shards betumi ayɛ kɔkɔɔ, bruu, anaa tuntum. Mpɛn pii no, bort kɔla yɛ fitaa kosi tuntum.

Sɛ yesusuw sɛ diamond yɛ aboɔden abo a ɛyɛ den sen biara a, dɛn ne bort a ɛyɛ den? Mpɛn pii no, Bort yɛ den (ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛba fam kakra) te sɛ daimond, na ɛto so 10 wɔ Mohs mineral hardness scale so .

Bort crystallization no yɛ nea enti a wɔmfa nni dwuma wɔ aboɔden abo mu no fã. Mpɛn pii no, ɛwɔ ahwehwɛ a ɛhyerɛn a enyin, enti agudeyɛfo ntumi nsiesie no. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ ɛkɔ so hyerɛn a srade wom, efisɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ abohene dodow no ara fɛfɛɛfɛ na ama wɔada wɔn nsaano nkyerɛwee adamantine hyerɛn adi.

Plus, bort usually has lots of inclusions , na ɛma ɛyɛ nea ɛnyɛ anigye dodo sɛ ɛbɛyɛ aboɔden abo.

Bort mineral data a aka no ni, a ɛsono kakra wɔ afã horow bi mu wɔ diamond de no ho:

  • Mohs a ɛyɛ den : 10

  • Kɔla : Ɛsakra; Powder - fitaa kosi kɔkɔɔ, Shards - kɔkɔɔ, fitaa, bruu, anaa tuntum

  • Crystal structure : Cubic, ɛwom sɛ mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ ahwehwɛ a ɛnyɛ pɛ de

  • Luster : Ɛyɛ srade

  • Transparency : Ɛyɛ nea ɛyɛ hann kosi nea ɛnyɛ hann

  • Nneɛma a ɛma hann yɛ hyew : .

  • Nneɛma a ɛyɛ den : 3.5

  • Cleavage : Obiara nni hɔ anaasɛ ohiani

  • Akisikuru : Conchoidal

  • Streak : Ɛnyɛ kɔla

  • Luminescence : Fluorescence & phosphorescence a ɛwɔ hɔ - Blue wɔ SW-UV & LW-UV mu

  • Pleochroism : Biara nni hɔ

Bort Ahorow Ahorow

Bort ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ ara ne framesite. Framesite yɛ bort a ɛyɛ tuntum, South Africafo a ɛwɔ nsɛntitiriw nketenkete a ɛhyerɛn. Dɛn na ɛde saa nsɛntitiriw a ɛhyerɛn yi ba? Ɛnyɛ nea emu da hɔ ɔha biara mu 100, nanso ɛda adi sɛ hyerɛn no fi abohene nketenkete a wɔde aka ho.

Diamond ahorow foforo a ebia wubehu sɛ ɛrepue wɔ bort ho nkɔmmɔbɔ mu ne carbonado.

bort vs carbonado a wɔde yɛ abohene Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Carbonado | Mfonini no fi: James St. John | Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Tumi krataa a ɛwɔ hɔ nyinaa

Bort ne Carbonado ntam asɛm no

Aboɔden abo ho animdefo binom bu bort ne carbonado sɛ nsɛmfua a ɛne ne ho di nsɛ, nanso carbonado yɛ soronko kakra. Carbonado yɛ daimond a ɛyɛ bruu, fitaa, anaa tuntum a ɛwɔ resin a ɛhyerɛn. Ebinom frɛ carbonado “ abohene tuntum .”

Carbonado yɛ kɛse na ɛyɛ polycrystalline, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛwɔ crystalline afã horow pii a ɛkyerɛ akwan horow a wɔanhyɛ da. Saa ɔbo yi nso yɛ nea ɛwɔ abon.

Nanso, carbonado ne bort nyinaa yɛ nea wontumi nhu na ɛyɛ tuntum. Wɔ mfasoɔ ho no, bort ne carbonado kyɛ mfiridwuma mu dwumadie a ɛte saa ara, ɛfiri sɛ wɔde wɔn mmienu nyinaa yɛ drills ne abrasives.

Sɛ yɛdan kɔ metaphysical fã no so a, momma yɛnhwɛ nea bort honhom mu ntease no de asie.

Bort Nkyerɛase & Abakɔsɛm

Bort wɔ diamond ho sɛnkyerɛnne koro no ara, a egyina hɔ ma abusuabɔ a wontumi mmu, nokwaredi, ne ɔdɔ a enni awiei. Honhom fam ntease a ɛwɔ bort mu nso bata ahoɔden, nkonimdi, ne koma mu ahoɔfɛ ho.

Diamond a edi kan no fi Tete India a na ɛno nkutoo ne diamond fibea bɛyɛ mfe 1,000 (efii ase bɛyɛ 300 A.Y.B.). Wɔde Sanskrit asɛmfua a wɔde gyina hɔ ma abohene no dii dwuma: Vajra , anaa “aprannaa.” Ná ɛhɔfo gye di sɛ abohene a ɛnam anyinam a ahum nyame Awurade Indra somae no bɔ so na ɛbae.

Sɛ tete Indiafo a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ nyamesom ne honhom fam ahobammɔ atirimpɔw ahorow mu da nkyɛn a, wɔyɛɛ akwankyerɛ a edi kan a wɔde kyerɛ sɛnea diamond te wɔ bo a ɛsom ho nso: Hindufo kyerɛwsɛm Garuda Purana .

Bort mfiase

Edin “bort” no fi 1600 mfe no mfiase na wonya fii Dutchfo boort mu . Epuei pɔtee wɔ 1620 mu, ɛwom sɛ wonnim faako a efi anaa ɔkyerɛwfo pɔtee de. Ebia ne nkyerɛase no bɛbata Franse kasa mu asɛmfua bort a ɛkyerɛ “bastard” anaa Dutch nkyerɛase a ɛne boort , a ɛyɛ “drill” no ho.

Nkyerɛkyerɛmu foforo a ebetumi aba no fi Denmark nkyerɛase a wɔde ma bort: ano anaa nhama bi. Bort ahorow pii yɛ asinasin a ɛpaapae fi abohene mu bere a wɔreyɛ aboɔden abo no afã horow no .

Abakɔsɛm mu nkyerɛwee ahorow a efi tete Roma nhomanimfo Pliny Ɔpanyin hɔ da no adi sɛ ebia na nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma ma bort (ansa na ne din reba) no wɔ hɔ wɔ afeha a ɛto so 1 Y.B.

Bere a Pliny Ɔpanyin no reka abohene ho asɛm wɔ n’adwuma Naturalis Historia , Nhoma 3 mu no, ɔkyerɛwee sɛ:

“Sɛ, ɛnam anigye so no, ɛba sɛ [diamond] bubu ampa a, ɛpaapae yɛ asinasin nketenkete araa ma ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wontumi nhu. Wɔn a wodi adwini no kura saa nneɛma nketenkete yi mu yiye, na wɔde dade kata ho, na wɔnam so ma wotumi twitwa nneɛma a ɛyɛ den sen biara a wonim no, wɔ ɔkwan a ɛsen biara so.”

a wɔankyerɛkyerɛ mu Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Yudafo adwumayɛbea ahorow a ɛwɔ Palestina wɔ Plain of Sharon & mpoano kosi Haifa. Tel Aviv na ɛwɔ hɔ. Diamond yɛ adwuma. Diamond mfutuma a wɔde bɛhyɛ diski ahorow so | G. Eric ne Edith Matson Mfonini a Wɔaboaboa Ano, Mmarahyɛ Bagua Nhomakorabea | Ɔmanfo nsam

Bort wɔ Diamond Twitwa mu

Diamond twitwaa no amfi ase kosii 1300 mfe no mu, ɛwom sɛ saa bere yi huu sɛnea wɔyɛɛ nneɛma a ɛwɔ soro nkutoo de hyerɛn de. Ankyɛ na Indiafo agudeyɛfo yɛɛ ɔkwan a edi kan a wɔfa so twitwa daimond ankasa a wɔde afiri a wɔde twitwiw nneɛma di dwuma.

Wɔ 1400 mfe no mu no, wɔn a wotwitwa abohene hui sɛ wobetumi de daimond mfutuma atwitwa abohene. Mary a ofi Burgundy nyaa ayeforohyia mpɛtea a edi kan a wɔde daimond ayɛ fii Austria Ɔheneba Panyin Maximilian hɔ wɔ 1477 mu.

Asɛm bi a Benvenuto Cellini kae wɔ 1568 mu, a wɔfaa fii n’adwuma The Treatises of Benvenuto Cellini on Goldsmithing and Sculpture , mu no ka ɔkwan a wɔfa so twitwa ne bort ho asɛm:

“Diamond a wo nkutoo worentumi ntwitwa da, ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ abien bere nyinaa esiane ne den dodo nti, ɔbo foforo biara ntumi ntwitwa; ɛyɛ asɛm a ɛfa diamond a wɔde twa diamond ho. Woyɛ eyi denam biako a wode bɛpetepete biako so kosi sɛ wubenya ɔkwan bi te sɛ nea ebia wo twitwafo a ne ho akokwaw no bɛpɛ sɛ ɔyɛ so, na wode daimond powder a ɛtɔ fi wɔn mu wɔ saa adeyɛ no mu no, akyiri yi wɔde polish a etwa to no ma.”

Awiei koraa no, Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw ne mfiridwuma foforo no maa wotumi yɛɛ abohene a ɛwɔ afã horow a ɛyɛ nwonwa kɛse. Guadi ne nnwuma a wɔtrɛwee nso maa bort a wɔde di dwuma foforo bae, te sɛ nnwinnade a wɔde twa nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma wɔ aboɔden abo ahemman no akyi.

Mprempren, wohu bort nso wɔ pop amammerɛ mu!

Bort wɔ Pop Amammerɛ mu

Bort ho asɛm a abu so sen biara wɔ amammerɛ a agye din mu ne Japanfo manga Land of the Lustrous , anaa Houseki no Kuni . Bort yɛ ɔyɛkyerɛ no mu nnipa no mu biako. Te sɛ nnipa afoforo a wɔwɔ mfinimfini no, ɔyɛ obi a ɔte sɛ aboɔden abo.

Wɔ ɔyɛkyerɛ no mu no, bort yɛ ɔkofo a ne ho yɛ den a ɔwɔ ahoɔden a ɛte sɛ daimond. Bort ti nhwi mpo ma yɛkae ɔbo a ɛwɔ hɔ ankasa, a ɛyɛ dua pii a ɛda daimond asinasin pii a ɛwɔ bort mu no adi.

Wɔ nipasu mu no, Bort yɛ obi a ɔyɛ sum, aniberesɛm, ɔyɛ basabasa. Saa bere yi nyinaa, nipa Diamond yɛ obi a ɔhyerɛn, mframa wom, anigye-kɔ-anigye. Nea ɛnte sɛ Diamond a ɔhyerɛn na wɔde daimond ahwehwɛ akɛse asiesie no no, bort yɛ abohene ahwehwɛ nketenkete. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ bort betumi agye hits a emu yɛ den a ɔsɛe kakraa bi.

bort aboɔden abo a ɛyɛ den a ɛyɛ ahwehwɛ Mfonini no fie: Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com – CC-BY-SA-3.0

Bort Ayaresa Nneɛma

Te sɛ abohene ne aboɔden abo afoforo no, bort tumi yɛ adwuma sɛ ɔbo a ɛsa yare , na ne kɔla nya ne tumi so nkɛntɛnso. Bort yɛ abibifo titiriw, enti ɛka aboɔden abo abibifo afoforo ho wɔ ahobammɔ, fam, ne ahofama a wɔde ma honhom mu nneɛma mu.

Nea ɛnte sɛ aboɔden abo a ɛyɛ fitaa a agye din no, bort yɛ chakra ɔbo ma ntini chakra (sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ abotiri chakra, te sɛ daimond). Wei kyerɛ sɛ bort betumi abue saa chakra yi de ahotɔ, ahobammɔ, ne ahobammɔ abrɛ wo.

Chakra ayaresa akyi no, bort ayaresa tumi te sɛ diamond de no. Ma yɛnhwɛ saa mfaso horow no wɔ ase hɔ!

Nipadua mu Ayaresa

Wogye di sɛ diamond ahorow te sɛ bort sa ntini a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu (CNS) no yare na ɛma adwene mu tumi tu mpɔn. Wobetumi de Bort nso ama ahwehwɛ afoforo honam fam ayaresa tumi ayɛ kɛse.

Nkate mu Ayaresa

Nkate fam ayaresa mu mfaso a ɛwɔ bort so no bi ne sɛ ebeyi adwemmɔne ne dadwen fi hɔ. Ɔbo no nso betumi aboa ma ankorankoro nyin ayɛ mmerɛw, ahyɛ ahotoso ne ahoɔden a wɔde gyina ano ho nkuran.

Sɛ yɛreka onyin ho asɛm a, ɔkwan bɛn so na bort yɛ?

Bort Formation & Nneɛma a Wɔde Yɛ Adwuma

Bort nam ɔkwan koro no ara so na ɛba sɛnea diamond yɛ no, bɛyɛ akwansin 100 wɔ Asase ase (wɔ mantle layer no mu). Carbon a ɛwɔ asase ase no fa nhyɛso ne ɔhyew tebea a ɛkɔ soro kɛse mu, na awiei koraa no ɛyɛ ahwehwɛ. Saa adeyɛ yi betumi agye nna, asram, anaa mfe ɔpepem pii mpo.

Wɔn a wotu fam no hu bort wɔ abohene a ɛyɛ aboɔden abo nkyɛn, titiriw wɔ kimberlite abotan anaa nsu a ɛbɛn hɔ a nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam mu. Nneɛma afoforo a ɛwɔ kimberlite mu ne garnet , calcite , olivine , ne pyroxene.

Mmeae a Wɔtu Tuo

Mprempren, wɔn a wɔyɛ abohene a wɔde yɛ mfiridwuma te sɛ bort titiriw ne South Africa ne Brazil. Nneɛma afoforo a ɛho hia a wonya fi mu ne Congo, Indonesia, ne Russia.

bort diamond aboɔden abo a wɔde yɛ afiri a wɔde yɛ polishing Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: Diamond polishing machine | Mfonini no fi: wim hoppenbrouwers, Flickr

Bort Gem Boɔ & Boɔ a ɛsom

Sɛnea ebia wobɛhwɛ kwan no, bort bo sua koraa sen abohene a ɛyɛ aboɔden abo bo. Mpɛn pii no, bort rough a wɔde yɛ mfiridwuma mu nneɛma akɛse no bɛyɛ dɔla 3.50 wɔ carat biara mu. Abo a wɔde yɛ bort ankorankoro dodow no ara yɛ bɛyɛ dɔla 0.50 wɔ carat biara mu.

Mpɛn pii no, bort powder a wɔayɛ no bɛyɛ dɔla 0.50 wɔ carat biara mu anaa nea ɛba fam. Abɔde mu bort powder no korɔn kakra, na ɛyɛ $1-$2 wɔ carat biara mu. Borts a wɔde ayɛ a wɔde twa diamond no taa yɛ $0.25-$2.50 wɔ carat biara mu.

Saw a wɔde Bort mfutuma akata so no fi ase bɛyɛ dɔla 2 pɛ, bere a nnwinnade a emu yɛ duru pii fi ase fi dɔla 25 na ebetumi akɔ soro bɛboro dɔla 500.

Hwehwɛ Honhom mu Mmoa ne Bort!

Ɛmfa ho sɛ ebia ne din a ɛyɛ nwonwa no, bort yɛ ade a ɛsom bo a ama abohene a ɛyɛ fɛ a wɔdɔ no ayɛ ayeforo foforo pii nsateaa fɛ mfe du du pii. Ɛwom sɛ ɛka bom yɛ abohene a wotu no mu dodow no ara de, nanso bort yɛ papa sɛ obi a ɔyɛ adwuma titiriw wɔ akyi, na ɛkae yɛn sɛ enhia sɛ wugye wo tom a ɛyɛ hu na ama woate abotɔyam nka wɔ w’adwuma mu!

Sɛ w’ani gye ho sɛ wubesua pii afa aboɔden abo a wotwa ho a, hwɛ yɛn akwankyerɛ a ɛfa nnwinnade atitiriw ne lapidary adwuma ho mfitiasesɛm ho .

Hwehwɛ yɛn diamond ne aboɔden abo afoforo a yɛaboaboa ano no mu nnɛ!


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Tantalite yɛ aboɔden abo a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ, bruu, anaa tuntum kuw bi a element a ɛho yɛ na na ɛsom bo a wɔfrɛ no tantalum wom. Hwehwɛ sɛnea wɔde tantalite aboɔden abo di dwuma, abakɔsɛm, ne bo, ne ne su wɔ akwankyerɛ yi mu!

11th Nov 2024

Hodgkinsonite Aboɔden abo: Nneɛma, Nkyerɛase, Botae & Nea Ɛkeka Ho

Hodgkinsonite yɛ aboɔden abo a wɔboaboa ano a wɔntaa nhu koraa a wonim no sɛ ɛyɛ pink anaa kɔkɔɔ a ɛyɛ hyew, na wohu wɔ New Jersey, U.S.A. nkutoo. Sua hodgkinsonite bo, abakɔsɛm, n’agyapade, ne ne su wɔ akwankyerɛ yi mu!

9th Jun 2024

Canasite Gemstone: Nneɛma, Nkyerɛase, Botae & Nea Ɛkeka Ho

Canasite yɛ aboɔden abo a wɔntaa nhu sɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ ahabammono-kɔla a ɛka ho wɔ charoite mu nanso wɔsan frɛ no aboɔden abo a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ. Sua canasite abakɔsɛm, ahorow, n’agyapade, ne ne bo wɔ akwankyerɛ yi mu.

27th May 2024

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